BEHAVIORAL
STATISTICS
k
Michelle Oja
k
TaftCollege
k
, Taft College
k
PSYC 2200: Elementary Statistics for
k k k k k
Behavioral and Social Sciences
k k k
Michelle Ojak
,Thisktextk iskdisseminatedk viak thek Openk Education kResourcek (OER)k LibreTextsk Projectk (https://LibreTexts.org)kand k likek thekhundredsk
ofkotherk textskavailablek withink thiskpowerfulkplatform,k itk isk freelykavailablek fork reading,kprintingkandk "consuming."k Most,kbut knotkall,k
pagesk in k thek libraryk havek licensesk that k mayk allowk individualsk tok makek changes,k save,k and k printk thisk book.k Carefully
k consult k the k applicable k license(s)k before k pursuingk such k effects.
Instructorskcankadoptk existingk LibreTextsk textskorkRemix kthemk tok quicklykbuildk course-
specifick resourcesktokmeetk thekneedskofktheirk students.k Unlikek traditionalktextbooks,kLibreTexts’k webk basedk originskallowk powerfulk in
tegration k of k advanced k featuresk and k newk technologiesk to k support k learning.
Thek LibreTextskmission k iskto kunitek students,k facultykand k scholarsk in kakcooperativek effort kto kdevelopkank easy-to-
usek onlinek platform k forkthek construction,kcustomization,kandkdissemination kofk OERk content ktok reducek thekburdensk ofk unreasonablek te
xtbook kcostsk tok ourk studentskandk society.kThekLibreTextskprojectk iskakmulti-
institutionalk collaborativek venturektokdevelopk theknextk generationkofkopen-
kaccessk textsk tok improvekpostsecondaryk educationkatkallk levelskof khigherk learningk byk developingkank Openk Accessk Resource kenvironme
nt.k Thek projectk currentlyk consistsk ofk 14k independentlyk operatingkandk interconnectedk librariesk thatkarek constantly kbeingkoptimizedk byk s
tudents,kfaculty,kandk outsidek expertsk tok supplant kconventionalkpaper-
basedk books.k Thesekfreektextbookkalternativeskarekorganizedk withinkakcentralkenvironmentk thatk iskbothkverticallyk (fromkadvancek tok bas
ick level)k and k horizontally k (acrossk different k fields)k integrated.
Thek LibreTextsk librarieskarek Poweredk byk MindTouch ®kandkarek supportedk byk thek Departmentk ofk Educationk Open kTextbook k Pilotk Proj
ect,k thek UCk Davisk Officekof kthek Provost,kthek UCk Davisk Library,kthekCaliforniak Statek University k AffordablekLearningk Solutionsk Progr
am,kand kMerlot.kThiskmaterialk iskbasedk uponk workk supported kby kthek Nationalk Sciencek Foundationk underk Grant k No.k1246120,k152505
7,k and k 1413739.k Unlessk otherwisek noted,k LibreTextsk content k isk licensed k by k CCk BY-NC-SAk 3.0.
Anykopinions,k findings,kandk conclusionsk ork recommendationsk expressed k inkthiskmaterialkarek thosek ofk thekauthor(s)kand kdo knotk necessa
rily k reflect k thek viewsk of k thek Nationalk Sciencek Foundation k nork thek USk Department k of k Education.
Havekquestionsk ork comments?k Fork informationkabout kadoptionsk orkadaptionsk contactk .k Morek informationk onk ourk
activitiesk cankbek foundk viak Facebook k (https://facebook.com/Libretexts),k Twitterk (https://twitter.com/libretexts),korkourkblogk (http://Bl
og.Libretexts.org).
Thisk textk was k compiledk onk 02/19/2023
, TABLE OF CONTENTS k k
AcknowledgementskLicensin
g
ForkFaculty
Unit 1: Description
k k
k 1:kIntroduction kto kBehavioral kStatistics
k 1.1:kWhykare kyouktaking kthis kcourse?
k 1.2:kWhatkis ka kstatistic? kWhatkis ka kstatistical kanalysis?
k 1.3:kThe kScientific kMethod
k 1.4:kTypes kofkData kand kHowkto kMeasure kThem
k 1.4.1:kIVkand kDV-kVariables kas kPredictors kand kOutcomes
k 1.4.2:kQualitative kversus kQuantitative kVariables
k 1.4.3:kScales kofkMeasurement
k 1.5:kPopulations kand kSamples
k 1.5.1:kCollecting kData-kMore kPractice kwithkPopulations kand kSamples
k 1.6:k"Research kshows kthat..."
k 1.7:kLearning k(Statistics)
k 2:kWhatkDo kData kLookkLike? k(Graphs)
k 2.1:kIntroduction kto kLooking katkData k(This kis kwhatktoo kmanyknumbers klooks klike)
k 2.2:kFrequencykTables
k 2.3:kAPAkStyle kTables
k 2.4:kGraphing kQualitative kVariables-kBarkGraphs
k 2.5:kGraphing kQualitative kVariables-kPie kCharts
k 2.6:kGraphing kQuantitative kVariables
k 2.7:kSkewkand kKurtosis
k 2.8:kGraphing kQuantitative kData-kLine kGraphs
k 2.9:kGraphing kQuantitativekData-kHistograms k
k 2.10:kGraphing kQuantitative kData-kBoxplots
k 2.11:kGraphing kQuantitative kData-kScatterplots
k 2.12:kSummarykand kSome kHonesty
k 2.13:kAPAkStyle kCharts
k 2.14:kDescribingkData kusing kDistributions kand kGraphs kExercisesk
k 3:kDescriptive kStatistics
k 3.1:kIntroduction kto kDescriptive kStatistics
k 3.2:kMathkRefresher
k 3.3:kWhatkis kCentralkTendency?
k 3.3.1:kIntroduction kto kMeasures kofkCentral kTendency
k 3.3.2:kMeasures kofkCentralkTendency-kMode
k 3.3.3:kMeasures kofkCentralkTendency-kMedian
k 3.3.4:kMeasures kofkCentralkTendency-kMean
k 3.3.5:kSummarykofkMeasures kofkCentral kTendency
k 3.4:kInterpreting kAllkThree kMeasures kofkCentral kTendency
k 3.5:kIntroduction kto kMeasures kofkVariability
k 3.6:kIntroduction kto kStandard kDeviations kand kCalculations
1 https://stats.libret ext s. org/ @go/ pa ge/ 221 86
STATISTICS
k
Michelle Oja
k
TaftCollege
k
, Taft College
k
PSYC 2200: Elementary Statistics for
k k k k k
Behavioral and Social Sciences
k k k
Michelle Ojak
,Thisktextk iskdisseminatedk viak thek Openk Education kResourcek (OER)k LibreTextsk Projectk (https://LibreTexts.org)kand k likek thekhundredsk
ofkotherk textskavailablek withink thiskpowerfulkplatform,k itk isk freelykavailablek fork reading,kprintingkandk "consuming."k Most,kbut knotkall,k
pagesk in k thek libraryk havek licensesk that k mayk allowk individualsk tok makek changes,k save,k and k printk thisk book.k Carefully
k consult k the k applicable k license(s)k before k pursuingk such k effects.
Instructorskcankadoptk existingk LibreTextsk textskorkRemix kthemk tok quicklykbuildk course-
specifick resourcesktokmeetk thekneedskofktheirk students.k Unlikek traditionalktextbooks,kLibreTexts’k webk basedk originskallowk powerfulk in
tegration k of k advanced k featuresk and k newk technologiesk to k support k learning.
Thek LibreTextskmission k iskto kunitek students,k facultykand k scholarsk in kakcooperativek effort kto kdevelopkank easy-to-
usek onlinek platform k forkthek construction,kcustomization,kandkdissemination kofk OERk content ktok reducek thekburdensk ofk unreasonablek te
xtbook kcostsk tok ourk studentskandk society.kThekLibreTextskprojectk iskakmulti-
institutionalk collaborativek venturektokdevelopk theknextk generationkofkopen-
kaccessk textsk tok improvekpostsecondaryk educationkatkallk levelskof khigherk learningk byk developingkank Openk Accessk Resource kenvironme
nt.k Thek projectk currentlyk consistsk ofk 14k independentlyk operatingkandk interconnectedk librariesk thatkarek constantly kbeingkoptimizedk byk s
tudents,kfaculty,kandk outsidek expertsk tok supplant kconventionalkpaper-
basedk books.k Thesekfreektextbookkalternativeskarekorganizedk withinkakcentralkenvironmentk thatk iskbothkverticallyk (fromkadvancek tok bas
ick level)k and k horizontally k (acrossk different k fields)k integrated.
Thek LibreTextsk librarieskarek Poweredk byk MindTouch ®kandkarek supportedk byk thek Departmentk ofk Educationk Open kTextbook k Pilotk Proj
ect,k thek UCk Davisk Officekof kthek Provost,kthek UCk Davisk Library,kthekCaliforniak Statek University k AffordablekLearningk Solutionsk Progr
am,kand kMerlot.kThiskmaterialk iskbasedk uponk workk supported kby kthek Nationalk Sciencek Foundationk underk Grant k No.k1246120,k152505
7,k and k 1413739.k Unlessk otherwisek noted,k LibreTextsk content k isk licensed k by k CCk BY-NC-SAk 3.0.
Anykopinions,k findings,kandk conclusionsk ork recommendationsk expressed k inkthiskmaterialkarek thosek ofk thekauthor(s)kand kdo knotk necessa
rily k reflect k thek viewsk of k thek Nationalk Sciencek Foundation k nork thek USk Department k of k Education.
Havekquestionsk ork comments?k Fork informationkabout kadoptionsk orkadaptionsk contactk .k Morek informationk onk ourk
activitiesk cankbek foundk viak Facebook k (https://facebook.com/Libretexts),k Twitterk (https://twitter.com/libretexts),korkourkblogk (http://Bl
og.Libretexts.org).
Thisk textk was k compiledk onk 02/19/2023
, TABLE OF CONTENTS k k
AcknowledgementskLicensin
g
ForkFaculty
Unit 1: Description
k k
k 1:kIntroduction kto kBehavioral kStatistics
k 1.1:kWhykare kyouktaking kthis kcourse?
k 1.2:kWhatkis ka kstatistic? kWhatkis ka kstatistical kanalysis?
k 1.3:kThe kScientific kMethod
k 1.4:kTypes kofkData kand kHowkto kMeasure kThem
k 1.4.1:kIVkand kDV-kVariables kas kPredictors kand kOutcomes
k 1.4.2:kQualitative kversus kQuantitative kVariables
k 1.4.3:kScales kofkMeasurement
k 1.5:kPopulations kand kSamples
k 1.5.1:kCollecting kData-kMore kPractice kwithkPopulations kand kSamples
k 1.6:k"Research kshows kthat..."
k 1.7:kLearning k(Statistics)
k 2:kWhatkDo kData kLookkLike? k(Graphs)
k 2.1:kIntroduction kto kLooking katkData k(This kis kwhatktoo kmanyknumbers klooks klike)
k 2.2:kFrequencykTables
k 2.3:kAPAkStyle kTables
k 2.4:kGraphing kQualitative kVariables-kBarkGraphs
k 2.5:kGraphing kQualitative kVariables-kPie kCharts
k 2.6:kGraphing kQuantitative kVariables
k 2.7:kSkewkand kKurtosis
k 2.8:kGraphing kQuantitative kData-kLine kGraphs
k 2.9:kGraphing kQuantitativekData-kHistograms k
k 2.10:kGraphing kQuantitative kData-kBoxplots
k 2.11:kGraphing kQuantitative kData-kScatterplots
k 2.12:kSummarykand kSome kHonesty
k 2.13:kAPAkStyle kCharts
k 2.14:kDescribingkData kusing kDistributions kand kGraphs kExercisesk
k 3:kDescriptive kStatistics
k 3.1:kIntroduction kto kDescriptive kStatistics
k 3.2:kMathkRefresher
k 3.3:kWhatkis kCentralkTendency?
k 3.3.1:kIntroduction kto kMeasures kofkCentral kTendency
k 3.3.2:kMeasures kofkCentralkTendency-kMode
k 3.3.3:kMeasures kofkCentralkTendency-kMedian
k 3.3.4:kMeasures kofkCentralkTendency-kMean
k 3.3.5:kSummarykofkMeasures kofkCentral kTendency
k 3.4:kInterpreting kAllkThree kMeasures kofkCentral kTendency
k 3.5:kIntroduction kto kMeasures kofkVariability
k 3.6:kIntroduction kto kStandard kDeviations kand kCalculations
1 https://stats.libret ext s. org/ @go/ pa ge/ 221 86
