,ISBN:k 0-8247-0444-4
This k bookk isk printedk onk acid-freek paper.
Headquarters
Marcelk Dekker,k Inc.
270k Madisonk Avenue,k New k York,kNY k10016k
tel:k 212-696-9000;k fax:k 212-685-4540
Easternk Hemispherek Distribution
Marcelk Dekkerk AG
Hutgassek 4,k Postfachk 812,k CH-
4001k Basel,k Switzerlandk tel:k 41-61-261-8482;k fax:k 41-
61-261-8896
Worldk Widek Web
http://www.dekker.com
Thek publisherk offers k dis counts k onk this k bookk whenk orderedk ink bulkk quantities.k Fork mo
rek information,k writek tok Specialk Sales /Professionalk Marketingk atk thek headquarters k ad
dress k above.
Copyrightk Ⓒk 2001k byk Marcelk Dekker,k Inc.k Allk Rightsk Reserved.
Neitherk this k bookk nork anyk partk mayk bek reproducedk ork trans mittedk ink anyk formk ork byk a
nyk means,k electronick ork mechanical,k includingk photocopying,k microfilming,k andk reco
rding,k ork byk anyk informationk storagek andk retrievalk system,k withoutk permissionk ink
writingk fromk thek publisher.
Currentk printingk (lastk digit):
10k 9 k 8 k 7k 6 k 5 k 4 k 3 k 2 k 1k
PRINTED k INk TH Ek U NITED k S TA TES k O Fk AM ERICA
,Preface
Thek objectiv esk of k thisk book k arek twofold: k (1 )k fork thek student,k to k showk ho wk the
k fundamentalk princip lesk underly in gk the k behaviork of k flu idsk (with k emphasisk on k
one-
dimensionalk macroscop ic k balances)k can k bekapplied k in k an k organized k and k syste
matick mannerk tok thek solution k of k practicalk en gineerin gk prob lems,k and k (2)k fork t
hek practicin gk engin eer,k to k provid e k a k readyk referencek of k current k informa -
k tion k andk basic k methodsk fork the kanalysisk of k a k variety k of k problemsk encountere
d k in k practicalk engineerin gk situations.
Thek scopek of k coveragek includesk internalk flo wsk of k Newton ian k and k non-
k Newton ian k incompressib le k flu id s,k adiabatic k andk isothermalk comp ressib le k flo
wsk (up k to k sonick ork chok in gk cond ition s),k two -phasek (gas– liqu id,k so lid–
k liqu id ,k and k gas–
solid )k flo ws,k externalk flo wsk (e.g.,k dra g),k and k flowk in k porou sk media.k App licati
onsk includek d imensionalk analysisk and k scale-up,k p ipin gk sy s-
k temsk with k fitt in gsk fork Newton ian k and k non-
Newton ian k fluid sk (fork unkno wn k driv in gk force,k unknown k flo wk rate,k unknown k
diameter,k o rk most k economicalk d iameter),k compressib le k p ipek flo wsk up k to k chok
ed k flow,k flo wk measurement k and k control,k pumps,k compresso rs,k fluid -
particlek separation k methodsk (e.g.,
iii
, iv Preface
centrifu gal,k sed imentation ,k filtration ),k packed k columns,k flu id ized k beds,k sed i-
k mentation,k solidsk transpo rt k in k slurry k and k pneumatic k flo w,k and k frozen k andk fla
shin gk t wo -phasek gas–
liqu id k flo ws.k Thek treatment k isk from k thek viewpo int k of k thek processk en gineer,k w
ho k isk concerned k with k equ ipment k operation ,k perfor-
k mance,k sizin g,k and k select ion,k ask opposed k to k the k detailsk of k mechanicalk design
k ork the k detailsk of k flowk patternsk in k such k situations.
Fork thek student ,k thisk isk a k basick text k forka kfirst -
levelk cou rsek in k processk en gineerin gkflu id kmechanics,k wh ich kemphasizeskthek s
ystematickapplication kof k fundamentalk princip lesk (e.g.,k macroscop ic k mass,k ene
rgy,k and k momentum k balancesk and k economics)k to k thek analysisk of k ak variety k
of k fluid k problem sk of ka k practicalk nature.k Methodsk of k analysisk of k many k of k thes
ek operationsk havek been k taken k from k thek recent k technicalk lit erature,k and k havek n
otk previou sly k been k available k in k textbooks.k Th isk book k includesk numerou sk pro
blemsk that k illus-k tratek thesek applicationsk at k thek end k of k each k chapter.
Fork thek practicin gk engineer,k thisk book k servesk ask a k usefulk referencek fork t
hek work in gk equationsk that k govern k many k applicationsk of k practicalk interest,k a
sk wellk ask ak sourcek fork basick prin ciplesk needed k to k analyzek otherk flu id k system sk
not k covered k explicit ly k in k thek book.k Thek object ive k herek isk not k to k providek a k min
dlessk set k of k recipesk fork rotek application ,k however,k but k to k demonstrate kan k orga
nized k approach k to k problem k analysisk beginn in gk with k basick p rincip lesk and k endi
ngk with k resultsk of k very k practicalk applicab ility .
Chemical kEngineering k Fluid kMechanicsk isk based k on k notesk that kI k havek c
omplied k and k continually k rev ised k wh ilek teachin gk thek junior-
levelk flu id k mechanicsk coursek fork chemicalk engineerin gk student sk at k Texask A&
M k Un iversity k overk thek last k 30 k years.k It k hask been k myk experien ce k that,k when k b
ein gk int roduced k to k a k newk subject,k studentsk learn k best k by k startin gk with k simp lek
specialk casesk that k they k cank easily k relatek to k physically ,k and k thenk pro-
k gressin gk to k more k genera lized k formulation sk and k more k complex k prob lems.k Th
atk isk thek philosophy k adopted k in k thisk book.k Itk willk certain ly k bek crit icized k by
k some,k sin ce k it k isk contrary k to k the k usualk procedure k follo wed k by k most k text-
k books,k in k wh ich k the k basic k princip lesk are k presented k first k in k the k most k gen eralk a
nd k mathematicalk form k (e.g.,k thek divergence k theorem,k Reyno ldsk transpo rt k the
orem,k Navierk Stokesk equations,k etc.),k and k thek specialk casesk arek then k derived k f
rom k these.k Esoterically,k itk isk very k appealin gk to k progressk from k thek generalk to k t
hek specif ic,k ratherk than k vicek versa.k Ho wever,k havin gk taught k from k both k perspe
ctives,k itk isk my k observation k that kmost k beginn in gk student sk do k not k gain k ank appr
eciation k ork understandin gk from k thek very k general,k mathemati-
k cally k complex ,k theoreticalk vectork expressionsk untilk they k havek gained k a k certai
n k physicalkfeelkforkho wkf lu idskb ehave,k and ktheklawskgov ern in gktheirk behavior,k
in k specialk situationsk to k wh ich k they k can k easily k relate.k They k also k understand kan
d k appreciate k thek princip lesk much k betterk if k they k seek howk they k can k bekapplied k t
o k thekanalysisk of k practicalk and k usefulk situations,k with k resu ltsk that kactually k wor
k
This k bookk isk printedk onk acid-freek paper.
Headquarters
Marcelk Dekker,k Inc.
270k Madisonk Avenue,k New k York,kNY k10016k
tel:k 212-696-9000;k fax:k 212-685-4540
Easternk Hemispherek Distribution
Marcelk Dekkerk AG
Hutgassek 4,k Postfachk 812,k CH-
4001k Basel,k Switzerlandk tel:k 41-61-261-8482;k fax:k 41-
61-261-8896
Worldk Widek Web
http://www.dekker.com
Thek publisherk offers k dis counts k onk this k bookk whenk orderedk ink bulkk quantities.k Fork mo
rek information,k writek tok Specialk Sales /Professionalk Marketingk atk thek headquarters k ad
dress k above.
Copyrightk Ⓒk 2001k byk Marcelk Dekker,k Inc.k Allk Rightsk Reserved.
Neitherk this k bookk nork anyk partk mayk bek reproducedk ork trans mittedk ink anyk formk ork byk a
nyk means,k electronick ork mechanical,k includingk photocopying,k microfilming,k andk reco
rding,k ork byk anyk informationk storagek andk retrievalk system,k withoutk permissionk ink
writingk fromk thek publisher.
Currentk printingk (lastk digit):
10k 9 k 8 k 7k 6 k 5 k 4 k 3 k 2 k 1k
PRINTED k INk TH Ek U NITED k S TA TES k O Fk AM ERICA
,Preface
Thek objectiv esk of k thisk book k arek twofold: k (1 )k fork thek student,k to k showk ho wk the
k fundamentalk princip lesk underly in gk the k behaviork of k flu idsk (with k emphasisk on k
one-
dimensionalk macroscop ic k balances)k can k bekapplied k in k an k organized k and k syste
matick mannerk tok thek solution k of k practicalk en gineerin gk prob lems,k and k (2)k fork t
hek practicin gk engin eer,k to k provid e k a k readyk referencek of k current k informa -
k tion k andk basic k methodsk fork the kanalysisk of k a k variety k of k problemsk encountere
d k in k practicalk engineerin gk situations.
Thek scopek of k coveragek includesk internalk flo wsk of k Newton ian k and k non-
k Newton ian k incompressib le k flu id s,k adiabatic k andk isothermalk comp ressib le k flo
wsk (up k to k sonick ork chok in gk cond ition s),k two -phasek (gas– liqu id,k so lid–
k liqu id ,k and k gas–
solid )k flo ws,k externalk flo wsk (e.g.,k dra g),k and k flowk in k porou sk media.k App licati
onsk includek d imensionalk analysisk and k scale-up,k p ipin gk sy s-
k temsk with k fitt in gsk fork Newton ian k and k non-
Newton ian k fluid sk (fork unkno wn k driv in gk force,k unknown k flo wk rate,k unknown k
diameter,k o rk most k economicalk d iameter),k compressib le k p ipek flo wsk up k to k chok
ed k flow,k flo wk measurement k and k control,k pumps,k compresso rs,k fluid -
particlek separation k methodsk (e.g.,
iii
, iv Preface
centrifu gal,k sed imentation ,k filtration ),k packed k columns,k flu id ized k beds,k sed i-
k mentation,k solidsk transpo rt k in k slurry k and k pneumatic k flo w,k and k frozen k andk fla
shin gk t wo -phasek gas–
liqu id k flo ws.k Thek treatment k isk from k thek viewpo int k of k thek processk en gineer,k w
ho k isk concerned k with k equ ipment k operation ,k perfor-
k mance,k sizin g,k and k select ion,k ask opposed k to k the k detailsk of k mechanicalk design
k ork the k detailsk of k flowk patternsk in k such k situations.
Fork thek student ,k thisk isk a k basick text k forka kfirst -
levelk cou rsek in k processk en gineerin gkflu id kmechanics,k wh ich kemphasizeskthek s
ystematickapplication kof k fundamentalk princip lesk (e.g.,k macroscop ic k mass,k ene
rgy,k and k momentum k balancesk and k economics)k to k thek analysisk of k ak variety k
of k fluid k problem sk of ka k practicalk nature.k Methodsk of k analysisk of k many k of k thes
ek operationsk havek been k taken k from k thek recent k technicalk lit erature,k and k havek n
otk previou sly k been k available k in k textbooks.k Th isk book k includesk numerou sk pro
blemsk that k illus-k tratek thesek applicationsk at k thek end k of k each k chapter.
Fork thek practicin gk engineer,k thisk book k servesk ask a k usefulk referencek fork t
hek work in gk equationsk that k govern k many k applicationsk of k practicalk interest,k a
sk wellk ask ak sourcek fork basick prin ciplesk needed k to k analyzek otherk flu id k system sk
not k covered k explicit ly k in k thek book.k Thek object ive k herek isk not k to k providek a k min
dlessk set k of k recipesk fork rotek application ,k however,k but k to k demonstrate kan k orga
nized k approach k to k problem k analysisk beginn in gk with k basick p rincip lesk and k endi
ngk with k resultsk of k very k practicalk applicab ility .
Chemical kEngineering k Fluid kMechanicsk isk based k on k notesk that kI k havek c
omplied k and k continually k rev ised k wh ilek teachin gk thek junior-
levelk flu id k mechanicsk coursek fork chemicalk engineerin gk student sk at k Texask A&
M k Un iversity k overk thek last k 30 k years.k It k hask been k myk experien ce k that,k when k b
ein gk int roduced k to k a k newk subject,k studentsk learn k best k by k startin gk with k simp lek
specialk casesk that k they k cank easily k relatek to k physically ,k and k thenk pro-
k gressin gk to k more k genera lized k formulation sk and k more k complex k prob lems.k Th
atk isk thek philosophy k adopted k in k thisk book.k Itk willk certain ly k bek crit icized k by
k some,k sin ce k it k isk contrary k to k the k usualk procedure k follo wed k by k most k text-
k books,k in k wh ich k the k basic k princip lesk are k presented k first k in k the k most k gen eralk a
nd k mathematicalk form k (e.g.,k thek divergence k theorem,k Reyno ldsk transpo rt k the
orem,k Navierk Stokesk equations,k etc.),k and k thek specialk casesk arek then k derived k f
rom k these.k Esoterically,k itk isk very k appealin gk to k progressk from k thek generalk to k t
hek specif ic,k ratherk than k vicek versa.k Ho wever,k havin gk taught k from k both k perspe
ctives,k itk isk my k observation k that kmost k beginn in gk student sk do k not k gain k ank appr
eciation k ork understandin gk from k thek very k general,k mathemati-
k cally k complex ,k theoreticalk vectork expressionsk untilk they k havek gained k a k certai
n k physicalkfeelkforkho wkf lu idskb ehave,k and ktheklawskgov ern in gktheirk behavior,k
in k specialk situationsk to k wh ich k they k can k easily k relate.k They k also k understand kan
d k appreciate k thek princip lesk much k betterk if k they k seek howk they k can k bekapplied k t
o k thekanalysisk of k practicalk and k usefulk situations,k with k resu ltsk that kactually k wor
k
