,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
m m m m m m m m m m m
n Allen m
CHAPTER 2 M
PRISONS (1800 TO THE PRESENT)
M M M M
CHAPTER mOVERVIEW
• Themstudent mshould mremembermthat mcorrectionsmmust malwaysmaskmthemquestionm“Whomarem
offendersmand mwhat maremwemexpected mtomdomwithmthem?”mThemmost mcommonmschoolsmof mt
houghtsmaremthemfollowing:mOffendersmarem(1)mevilmand mmust mbempunished,m(2)mout mof mtouc
hmwithmGod mand mneed mtomrepent,m(3)muneducatedmandmillmtrained mtomfunctionminmmodernmsoc
iety,mand m(4)msickmand minmneed mof mbeingmcured.mThemanswersmtomthesemquestionsmaremcomm
onlymknownmasmthempunishment,mreform,meducation,mand mmedicalmmodelsmof mcorrections.mI
nmthemfinalmpart mof mthismchapter,mwemexploremthemphilosophicalmfoundationsmonmwhichmthese
mmodelsmweremconstructed mand mexplainmsomemof mthemrationalesmunderlyingmcurrent mcorrecti
onalmdevelopments.mIt mismessentialmformthemstudent mtomunderstand mwhymthismnationmhasmente
red mintomanmagemof mmassivemchangeminmpublicmacceptancemof mcrimem and mcriminalmand mpriso
nmoperations,mwhat mgoalsmarembeingmsought,mand mwhat mmight mbemthemimplicationsmof mthema
doptionmof mnew mprograms,moperations,mand mfacilities.mWembeginmwithmthemtwommajormcom
petingmconceptsmormsystemsmthat mevolved mand mfought mformprisonmdesignsmand mconstructionm
inmthemUnited mStatesmformthemmajoritymof mthemtwentiethmcentury.
CHAPTER mOBJECTIVES
• Summarizemthemdefinition,mmission,mand mrolemof mcorrectionsmfromm1790muntilm1910.
• Comparemand mcontrast mthemPennsylvaniamand mAuburnmsystems.
• ExplainmwhymthemAuburnmsystemmbecamemthemdominant mprisonmdesign.
• Describemprisonmdevelopment mfrommthemreformatorymeramtomthemmodernmera.
LECTUREmOUTLINE
• What mIsmthemEmergingmRolemof mCorrections?
o Sincemthemearlymdatesmof m2000mB.C.mtompresent,mcorrectionsmassumed mmanymadditi
onalmgoals:mreformingmlaw moffenders,mprotectingmsocietymthroughmincarceration,mre
ducingmlatermcriminalmoffending,meducatingmand mtrainingmof mpersonsmwithout mthemn
ecessarymskillsmtomexist minmincreasinglymcomplexmsocieties,m makingmthemsickmwell, m
preparingmoffendersmformreleasembackmintomthemcommunity,msupervisingmoffendersm
whenmreleased,mand mamwidemvarietymof mcrimempreventionmprograms.
• ThemPennsylvaniamSystem
o ThemWalnut mStreet mJailmhad mbeenmfairlymeffectivemformamdecade,mand mthemearli
ermPennsylvaniamsystemmwasmcopied mextensivelyminmbothmarchitecturalmdesign
mand madministration.
o ThemEasternmPenitentiarymbecamemthemmodelmand mprimarymexponent mof mt
hemPennsylvania,morm“separate,”msystem.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“Let mthemDoorsmBemMademof mIron.”mAmvideomofmt
hemhistorymof mthemEasternmPennsylvaniamPrison.mHalmKirnmand mAssociates,m2122
mWallacemStreet,mPhiladelphia,mPA.m(215)m236-3777.
• ThemAuburnmSystem
o ThemAuburnmprisonmadministratorsmdeveloped mamsystemmthat mwasmalmost mt
hemoppositemof mthat mused mat mthemEasternmPenitentiary.
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
m m m m m m m m m m m
n Allen m
o A mnew mstylemof mdisciplinemwasminaugurated mat mAuburnmthat mbecamemknownmasmt
hemAuburn,morm“congregate,”msystem.
o Disciplinemat mAuburn
▪ Themdisciplinemregimenmat mAuburnmincluded mcongregatemworkminmthemshop
smduringmthemday,mseparationmof mprisonersmintomsmallmindividualmcellsmat mni
ght,msilencemat mallmtimes,mlockstepmmarchingmformations, mand mamcongregat
emmealmat mwhichmthemprisonersmsat mface-to-back.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“Historymof mSingmSingmPrison”m(1997).m68mminutes.
• PrisonmCompetition
o Thempersuasivempowermof meconomicsmfinallymdecided mthembattle,mand mthemcongrega
temsystemmwasmadopted minmalmost mallmothermAmericanmprisons,mevenminmPennsylva
nia.
• EconomicsmWinsmOut
o It mwasmthemprofit mmotivemthat mdetermined mthemoutcomemof mthemcompetitionmbetwe
enmthemtwomsystems,mand mthemAuburnmsystemmbecamemthemdominant mformmof mpris
onsminmthemnext mcentury.
• PrisonmRules
o It mismnot mtoomhard mtomunderstandmwhymrulesmand mproceduresmemphasized mthemsmoo
thmand mundisturbed moperationmof mthemprisonmrathermthanmthemmodificationmof mthemi
ndividualmprisoner’smbehavior.
o Themimpositionmof msilencemwasmseenmasmthemmost mimportant mpart mof mthemdiscipli
nemprogram.
o Anothermbizarremformmof mdisciplinemthat mwasmdeveloped mat mAuburnmwasmthemlockst
epmformation.
o Themusemof mdegradingmprisonmgarbmwasmalsominitiated mat mAuburnmand mSingmSing.
o Onemof mthemearliest mand mmost mwell-
knownmformsmof mprisonmdisciplinemwasmthem“prisonmwithinmamprison,”mormsol
itarymconfinement,mused masmpunishment mformviolationmof minstitutionalmrules.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“SanmQuentin:mInsidemthemBigmHouse.”m(2001).
CambridgemEducational,m51-minutes.m1-800-468-4227
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“SolitarymConfinement mExclusive”m(2010).m5
0mminutesm(http://shop.nationalgeographic.com)
• ChangeminmthemWind
o Maconochiemand mCrofton:mAmNew mApproach
▪ TogethermMaconochiemand mCroftonmlaid mthemfoundationmformreformativ
emrathermthanmpurelympunitivemprogramsmformthemtreatment mof mcriminal
s.
o Maconochiemand mthemIndeterminatemSentence
▪ Inm1840,mCaptainmMaconochiemwasmput minmchargemof mthemBritishmpen
almcolonymonmNorfolkmIsland
▪ Hemdeveloped mam“markmsystem”mwherebymamconvict mcould mearnmfreedomm
bymhard mworkmand mgood mbehavior,mthusmcreatingmthemindeterminatemsente
nce.
o Croftonmand mthemIrishmSystem
▪ SirmWaltermCroftonmof mIreland mused mthat mconcept minmdevelopingmwhat mh
emcalled mthem“indeterminatemsystem,”mwhichmcamemtombemknownmasmthemI
rishmsystem.
• ThemReformatorymEram(1870–1910)
o Themfirst mreformatoryminmAmericamwasmbuilt minm1876minmElmiramNew mYorkmand
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
m m m m m m m m m m m
n Allen m
becamemthemmodelmformallmthosemthat mfollowed.
o Themonlymrealmdifferencesmbetweenmthemprogramsmat mElmiramand mthosemat mthemadult
mprisonsmweremthememphasismonmreformingmyouth,mincreased macademicmeducation,ma
nd mmoremextensivemtrademtraining.
o Althoughmthemtwommainmcontributionsmof mthemreformatorymeramweremthemindetermin
atemsentencemand mparole,mthemseedsmof meducation,mvocationalmtraining,mand mindividu
almrehabilitationmhad mbeenmsown.
• Post–CivilmWarmPrisons
o InmthemSouth,mdevastated mbymthemCivilmWar,mthempenitentiarymsystemmhad mbe
enmvirtuallymwiped mout.
o Somemstatesmattempted mtomsolvemtheirmprisonmproblemsmbymleasingmout mtheirmenti
remconvict mpopulationmtomcontractors,mwhichmbecamemknownmasmthemleasemsyste
m.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“CCI:mAmCasemStudymofmamSouthernmPrison
.”mPrinceton,mNJ.mFilmsmformthemHumanitiesmand mScience.m(800)m257-
5126.
• ThemTwentiethmCenturymand mthemIndustrialmPrison
o Themintroductionmof mhandicraftsmintomthemsolitarymEasternmPenitentiarymcel
lsmrepresented mthemoriginmof mprisonmindustriesminmAmerica.
o Themindustrialmprisonmcanmcredit mitsmoriginsmtomthemprofitsmturned mbymthemfirst mst
atemprisons.
o Thembeginningmof mthemend mformlarge-
scalemprisonmindustries,mwhichmkept minmatesmemployed minmsomemkind mof mwork,
mwasmthemenactment mof mtwomfederalmlawsmcontrollingmthemcharactermof mprisonmp
roducts.
• ThemPeriod mof mTransitionm(1935–1960)
o Themquartermcenturymbetweenm1935mand m1960mwasmonemof mgreat mturmoilminmt
hemprisons.
o ThemU.S.mBureaumof mPrisonsmgraduallymemerged masmthemnationalmleaderminmcorrecti
ons,mintroducingmmanymnew mconceptsmthat mhavembeenmcopied mbymstatemsystems.mT
wommajormcontributionsmweremdiagnosismand mclassificationmand mthemusemof mprofessi
onalmpersonnel,msuchmasmpsychiatristsmand mpsychologists,mtomhelpm rehabilitateminm
ates.
o Asmthemprisonmindustriesmdied mout,mriotsmbeganmtomtakemplacemmoremregularly,maddi
ngmevidencemtomthemtheorymthat menforced midlenessmcausesmrestlessnessmand mdiscont
ent mamongmprisoners.
• ThemModernmEra
o Them“modernmera”mof mcorrectionsmismgenerally mconsidered mtomhavembegunmabo
ut m1960,mand mit mwasmcharacterized mbymampatternmof mchangemthat mwasmtomhighlig
ht mthemnext mdecade.
• New mEmphasesmEmergeminmCorrections
o New memphasesmbeganmtombemdeveloped minmcorrections,mnot mthemleast mof mwhichmw
asmthemdominant mthememof mproducingmgoodsmat mlessmcost mthanmcompetitorsmcoul
d,mprimarilymbecauseminmatesmweremnot mpaid mformtheirmtimeminmthemproduction.
• InternallymSought mReform
o Beginningmabout m1966,mthemnaturemof mthemdemandsmchanged mfrommthoseminvolvi
ngmbasicmconditionsmtomthosemconcerningmbasicmrights.
o ThemPrisonmPopulationmBoom
▪ Thismpopulationmboommresulted mfrommfearmof mcrime35mfueled mbympoliticians,
mynursytest.store
m m m m m m m m m m m
n Allen m
CHAPTER 2 M
PRISONS (1800 TO THE PRESENT)
M M M M
CHAPTER mOVERVIEW
• Themstudent mshould mremembermthat mcorrectionsmmust malwaysmaskmthemquestionm“Whomarem
offendersmand mwhat maremwemexpected mtomdomwithmthem?”mThemmost mcommonmschoolsmof mt
houghtsmaremthemfollowing:mOffendersmarem(1)mevilmand mmust mbempunished,m(2)mout mof mtouc
hmwithmGod mand mneed mtomrepent,m(3)muneducatedmandmillmtrained mtomfunctionminmmodernmsoc
iety,mand m(4)msickmand minmneed mof mbeingmcured.mThemanswersmtomthesemquestionsmaremcomm
onlymknownmasmthempunishment,mreform,meducation,mand mmedicalmmodelsmof mcorrections.mI
nmthemfinalmpart mof mthismchapter,mwemexploremthemphilosophicalmfoundationsmonmwhichmthese
mmodelsmweremconstructed mand mexplainmsomemof mthemrationalesmunderlyingmcurrent mcorrecti
onalmdevelopments.mIt mismessentialmformthemstudent mtomunderstand mwhymthismnationmhasmente
red mintomanmagemof mmassivemchangeminmpublicmacceptancemof mcrimem and mcriminalmand mpriso
nmoperations,mwhat mgoalsmarembeingmsought,mand mwhat mmight mbemthemimplicationsmof mthema
doptionmof mnew mprograms,moperations,mand mfacilities.mWembeginmwithmthemtwommajormcom
petingmconceptsmormsystemsmthat mevolved mand mfought mformprisonmdesignsmand mconstructionm
inmthemUnited mStatesmformthemmajoritymof mthemtwentiethmcentury.
CHAPTER mOBJECTIVES
• Summarizemthemdefinition,mmission,mand mrolemof mcorrectionsmfromm1790muntilm1910.
• Comparemand mcontrast mthemPennsylvaniamand mAuburnmsystems.
• ExplainmwhymthemAuburnmsystemmbecamemthemdominant mprisonmdesign.
• Describemprisonmdevelopment mfrommthemreformatorymeramtomthemmodernmera.
LECTUREmOUTLINE
• What mIsmthemEmergingmRolemof mCorrections?
o Sincemthemearlymdatesmof m2000mB.C.mtompresent,mcorrectionsmassumed mmanymadditi
onalmgoals:mreformingmlaw moffenders,mprotectingmsocietymthroughmincarceration,mre
ducingmlatermcriminalmoffending,meducatingmand mtrainingmof mpersonsmwithout mthemn
ecessarymskillsmtomexist minmincreasinglymcomplexmsocieties,m makingmthemsickmwell, m
preparingmoffendersmformreleasembackmintomthemcommunity,msupervisingmoffendersm
whenmreleased,mand mamwidemvarietymof mcrimempreventionmprograms.
• ThemPennsylvaniamSystem
o ThemWalnut mStreet mJailmhad mbeenmfairlymeffectivemformamdecade,mand mthemearli
ermPennsylvaniamsystemmwasmcopied mextensivelyminmbothmarchitecturalmdesign
mand madministration.
o ThemEasternmPenitentiarymbecamemthemmodelmand mprimarymexponent mof mt
hemPennsylvania,morm“separate,”msystem.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“Let mthemDoorsmBemMademof mIron.”mAmvideomofmt
hemhistorymof mthemEasternmPennsylvaniamPrison.mHalmKirnmand mAssociates,m2122
mWallacemStreet,mPhiladelphia,mPA.m(215)m236-3777.
• ThemAuburnmSystem
o ThemAuburnmprisonmadministratorsmdeveloped mamsystemmthat mwasmalmost mt
hemoppositemof mthat mused mat mthemEasternmPenitentiary.
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
m m m m m m m m m m m
n Allen m
o A mnew mstylemof mdisciplinemwasminaugurated mat mAuburnmthat mbecamemknownmasmt
hemAuburn,morm“congregate,”msystem.
o Disciplinemat mAuburn
▪ Themdisciplinemregimenmat mAuburnmincluded mcongregatemworkminmthemshop
smduringmthemday,mseparationmof mprisonersmintomsmallmindividualmcellsmat mni
ght,msilencemat mallmtimes,mlockstepmmarchingmformations, mand mamcongregat
emmealmat mwhichmthemprisonersmsat mface-to-back.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“Historymof mSingmSingmPrison”m(1997).m68mminutes.
• PrisonmCompetition
o Thempersuasivempowermof meconomicsmfinallymdecided mthembattle,mand mthemcongrega
temsystemmwasmadopted minmalmost mallmothermAmericanmprisons,mevenminmPennsylva
nia.
• EconomicsmWinsmOut
o It mwasmthemprofit mmotivemthat mdetermined mthemoutcomemof mthemcompetitionmbetwe
enmthemtwomsystems,mand mthemAuburnmsystemmbecamemthemdominant mformmof mpris
onsminmthemnext mcentury.
• PrisonmRules
o It mismnot mtoomhard mtomunderstandmwhymrulesmand mproceduresmemphasized mthemsmoo
thmand mundisturbed moperationmof mthemprisonmrathermthanmthemmodificationmof mthemi
ndividualmprisoner’smbehavior.
o Themimpositionmof msilencemwasmseenmasmthemmost mimportant mpart mof mthemdiscipli
nemprogram.
o Anothermbizarremformmof mdisciplinemthat mwasmdeveloped mat mAuburnmwasmthemlockst
epmformation.
o Themusemof mdegradingmprisonmgarbmwasmalsominitiated mat mAuburnmand mSingmSing.
o Onemof mthemearliest mand mmost mwell-
knownmformsmof mprisonmdisciplinemwasmthem“prisonmwithinmamprison,”mormsol
itarymconfinement,mused masmpunishment mformviolationmof minstitutionalmrules.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“SanmQuentin:mInsidemthemBigmHouse.”m(2001).
CambridgemEducational,m51-minutes.m1-800-468-4227
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“SolitarymConfinement mExclusive”m(2010).m5
0mminutesm(http://shop.nationalgeographic.com)
• ChangeminmthemWind
o Maconochiemand mCrofton:mAmNew mApproach
▪ TogethermMaconochiemand mCroftonmlaid mthemfoundationmformreformativ
emrathermthanmpurelympunitivemprogramsmformthemtreatment mof mcriminal
s.
o Maconochiemand mthemIndeterminatemSentence
▪ Inm1840,mCaptainmMaconochiemwasmput minmchargemof mthemBritishmpen
almcolonymonmNorfolkmIsland
▪ Hemdeveloped mam“markmsystem”mwherebymamconvict mcould mearnmfreedomm
bymhard mworkmand mgood mbehavior,mthusmcreatingmthemindeterminatemsente
nce.
o Croftonmand mthemIrishmSystem
▪ SirmWaltermCroftonmof mIreland mused mthat mconcept minmdevelopingmwhat mh
emcalled mthem“indeterminatemsystem,”mwhichmcamemtombemknownmasmthemI
rishmsystem.
• ThemReformatorymEram(1870–1910)
o Themfirst mreformatoryminmAmericamwasmbuilt minm1876minmElmiramNew mYorkmand
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
m m m m m m m m m m m
n Allen m
becamemthemmodelmformallmthosemthat mfollowed.
o Themonlymrealmdifferencesmbetweenmthemprogramsmat mElmiramand mthosemat mthemadult
mprisonsmweremthememphasismonmreformingmyouth,mincreased macademicmeducation,ma
nd mmoremextensivemtrademtraining.
o Althoughmthemtwommainmcontributionsmof mthemreformatorymeramweremthemindetermin
atemsentencemand mparole,mthemseedsmof meducation,mvocationalmtraining,mand mindividu
almrehabilitationmhad mbeenmsown.
• Post–CivilmWarmPrisons
o InmthemSouth,mdevastated mbymthemCivilmWar,mthempenitentiarymsystemmhad mbe
enmvirtuallymwiped mout.
o Somemstatesmattempted mtomsolvemtheirmprisonmproblemsmbymleasingmout mtheirmenti
remconvict mpopulationmtomcontractors,mwhichmbecamemknownmasmthemleasemsyste
m.
o TeachingmTip:mShow mthemvideom“CCI:mAmCasemStudymofmamSouthernmPrison
.”mPrinceton,mNJ.mFilmsmformthemHumanitiesmand mScience.m(800)m257-
5126.
• ThemTwentiethmCenturymand mthemIndustrialmPrison
o Themintroductionmof mhandicraftsmintomthemsolitarymEasternmPenitentiarymcel
lsmrepresented mthemoriginmof mprisonmindustriesminmAmerica.
o Themindustrialmprisonmcanmcredit mitsmoriginsmtomthemprofitsmturned mbymthemfirst mst
atemprisons.
o Thembeginningmof mthemend mformlarge-
scalemprisonmindustries,mwhichmkept minmatesmemployed minmsomemkind mof mwork,
mwasmthemenactment mof mtwomfederalmlawsmcontrollingmthemcharactermof mprisonmp
roducts.
• ThemPeriod mof mTransitionm(1935–1960)
o Themquartermcenturymbetweenm1935mand m1960mwasmonemof mgreat mturmoilminmt
hemprisons.
o ThemU.S.mBureaumof mPrisonsmgraduallymemerged masmthemnationalmleaderminmcorrecti
ons,mintroducingmmanymnew mconceptsmthat mhavembeenmcopied mbymstatemsystems.mT
wommajormcontributionsmweremdiagnosismand mclassificationmand mthemusemof mprofessi
onalmpersonnel,msuchmasmpsychiatristsmand mpsychologists,mtomhelpm rehabilitateminm
ates.
o Asmthemprisonmindustriesmdied mout,mriotsmbeganmtomtakemplacemmoremregularly,maddi
ngmevidencemtomthemtheorymthat menforced midlenessmcausesmrestlessnessmand mdiscont
ent mamongmprisoners.
• ThemModernmEra
o Them“modernmera”mof mcorrectionsmismgenerally mconsidered mtomhavembegunmabo
ut m1960,mand mit mwasmcharacterized mbymampatternmof mchangemthat mwasmtomhighlig
ht mthemnext mdecade.
• New mEmphasesmEmergeminmCorrections
o New memphasesmbeganmtombemdeveloped minmcorrections,mnot mthemleast mof mwhichmw
asmthemdominant mthememof mproducingmgoodsmat mlessmcost mthanmcompetitorsmcoul
d,mprimarilymbecauseminmatesmweremnot mpaid mformtheirmtimeminmthemproduction.
• InternallymSought mReform
o Beginningmabout m1966,mthemnaturemof mthemdemandsmchanged mfrommthoseminvolvi
ngmbasicmconditionsmtomthosemconcerningmbasicmrights.
o ThemPrisonmPopulationmBoom
▪ Thismpopulationmboommresulted mfrommfearmof mcrime35mfueled mbympoliticians,
mynursytest.store
