CCBC ESSEX BIO 110 FINAL QUESTIONS
hypothesis - Answers- A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
theory - Answers- A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
prokaryotic cell - Answers- A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
eukaryotic cell - Answers- A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists,
plants, fungi, and animals.
evolution - Answers- Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
vertical descent with modification - Answers- New Species evolve from pre-existing
species by the accumulation of mutations - changes in the genetic material of
organisms.
horizontal gene transfer - Answers- A process in which an organism incorporates
genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism
genome - Answers- All of an organism's genetic material.
proteome - Answers- All of the types and relative amounts of proteins that are made in
a particular cell at a particular time and under specific conditions
scientific method - Answers- A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
1)problem or question arising from an observation, 2)Hypothesis (unproved
assumption), 3) Hypothesis is tested by an experiment, 4) Analyze and interpret data to
get to conclusion.
inorganic compound - Answers- Compounds that do not contain carbon
organic compound - Answers- Complex molecules organized around skeletons of
carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains; includes biomolecules, molecules
synthesized by living organisms.
element - Answers- A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by chemical or physical means
proton - Answers- A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in
the nucleus of an atom
,neutron - Answers- A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom
electron - Answers- A tiny, negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of
an atom
atomic number - Answers- Number of protons in an atom
orbitals - Answers- each orbital holds only 2 electrons; 1s,2s,2p
s orbitals- spherical
p orbitals- dumbbell shaped
atomic mass - Answers- Number of protons and neutrons
isotopes - Answers- Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons.
molecule - Answers- 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
compound - Answers- A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements
joined by chemical bonds
valence electrons - Answers- Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
octet rule - Answers- States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire
a full set of eight valence electrons
Covalent bond - Answers- Strongest bonds, occurs between atoms outer electron
shells that are not full
polar covalent bond - Answers- A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared
equally
nonpolar covalent bond - Answers- A type of covalent bond in which electrons are
shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
electronegative - Answers- electron greedy. oxygen and nitrogen
hydrogen bond - Answers- A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly
positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the
slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
ionic bond - Answers- Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one
atom to another
cation - Answers- A positively charged ion
, anion - Answers- A negatively charged ion
ion - Answers- An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more
electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
hydrophillic - Answers- water loving, molecules that are able to dissolve in water
hydrophobic - Answers- "Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of
molecules) that do not dissolve in water.
amphipathic - Answers- A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region.
molarity - Answers- A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number
of moles of solute per liter of solution.
concentration - Answers- A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain
volume of solvent
redox reaction - Answers- A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
oxidation - Answers- Loss of electrons
reduction - Answers- Gain of electrons
acid - Answers- A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a
solution.
base - Answers- A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a
solution.
buffer - Answers- A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or
bases are added to the solution.
hydrocarbon - Answers- Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen, can exist
as unbranched or branched chains or as rings
isomer - Answers- Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
structural isomer - Answers- Compounds that have the same molecular formula but
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
geometric isomer (stereo) - Answers- Compounds that have the same molecular
formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
hypothesis - Answers- A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
theory - Answers- A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
prokaryotic cell - Answers- A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
eukaryotic cell - Answers- A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists,
plants, fungi, and animals.
evolution - Answers- Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
vertical descent with modification - Answers- New Species evolve from pre-existing
species by the accumulation of mutations - changes in the genetic material of
organisms.
horizontal gene transfer - Answers- A process in which an organism incorporates
genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism
genome - Answers- All of an organism's genetic material.
proteome - Answers- All of the types and relative amounts of proteins that are made in
a particular cell at a particular time and under specific conditions
scientific method - Answers- A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
1)problem or question arising from an observation, 2)Hypothesis (unproved
assumption), 3) Hypothesis is tested by an experiment, 4) Analyze and interpret data to
get to conclusion.
inorganic compound - Answers- Compounds that do not contain carbon
organic compound - Answers- Complex molecules organized around skeletons of
carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains; includes biomolecules, molecules
synthesized by living organisms.
element - Answers- A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by chemical or physical means
proton - Answers- A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in
the nucleus of an atom
,neutron - Answers- A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom
electron - Answers- A tiny, negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of
an atom
atomic number - Answers- Number of protons in an atom
orbitals - Answers- each orbital holds only 2 electrons; 1s,2s,2p
s orbitals- spherical
p orbitals- dumbbell shaped
atomic mass - Answers- Number of protons and neutrons
isotopes - Answers- Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons.
molecule - Answers- 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
compound - Answers- A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements
joined by chemical bonds
valence electrons - Answers- Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
octet rule - Answers- States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire
a full set of eight valence electrons
Covalent bond - Answers- Strongest bonds, occurs between atoms outer electron
shells that are not full
polar covalent bond - Answers- A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared
equally
nonpolar covalent bond - Answers- A type of covalent bond in which electrons are
shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
electronegative - Answers- electron greedy. oxygen and nitrogen
hydrogen bond - Answers- A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly
positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the
slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
ionic bond - Answers- Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one
atom to another
cation - Answers- A positively charged ion
, anion - Answers- A negatively charged ion
ion - Answers- An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more
electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
hydrophillic - Answers- water loving, molecules that are able to dissolve in water
hydrophobic - Answers- "Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of
molecules) that do not dissolve in water.
amphipathic - Answers- A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region.
molarity - Answers- A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number
of moles of solute per liter of solution.
concentration - Answers- A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain
volume of solvent
redox reaction - Answers- A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
oxidation - Answers- Loss of electrons
reduction - Answers- Gain of electrons
acid - Answers- A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a
solution.
base - Answers- A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a
solution.
buffer - Answers- A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or
bases are added to the solution.
hydrocarbon - Answers- Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen, can exist
as unbranched or branched chains or as rings
isomer - Answers- Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
structural isomer - Answers- Compounds that have the same molecular formula but
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
geometric isomer (stereo) - Answers- Compounds that have the same molecular
formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
