Internship Report
On
SYNTHETIC DYES
SHAILENDRA MISHRA
Roll No: 2210404010526
B.Sc. Chemistry Semester-V
Submitted to
Prof. SUMITRA MAURYA
Department of Chemistry
SHRI JAI NARAIN MISHRA PG COLLEGE
(KKC), LUCKNOW
, 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMETS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have supported and
guided me throughout the preparation of this term paper on synthetic dyes.
My heartfelt thanks to Prof. Sumitra Maurya, my mentor for this project, whose
expert advice, continuous support, and constructive suggestions have been
instrumental in shaping the direction of this work. Their unwavering patience and
dedication have been a source of great inspiration.
I am deeply grateful to Prof. Ajay Kumar Mishra, Head of the Department of
Chemistry, for their valuable guidance, encouragement, and constant support
throughout the course of my research. Their insightful feedback has significantly
contributed to the successful completion of this paper.
First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Vinod Chandra, the Principal of
Shri Jai Narain PG College(KKC), for providing me with the opportunity and
resources to carry out this research.
I would also like to acknowledge the efforts of all my professors, colleagues, and
friends for their support and encouragement during the entire process.
Finally, I thank my family for their patience, and understanding, which has been
an immense source of strength throughout my academic journey.
Thank you all once again for your invaluable contributions to my work.
Shailendra Mishra
B.Sc. (Bio) (5th Semester)
Shri Jai Narain Mishra PG
College (KKC), Lucknow
, 3
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Dyes……………….…………………..04-13
o Definitions………………………….…….…..…….…..04-05
o Historical Development from
Natural to Synthetic Dyes………………….………..05-10
o Nomenclature of Dye Intermediates……………….….11
o Nomenclature of Dyes……………………………….11-13
2. General Information about Fibres
and Dyeing Methods ..………………………………...14-28
o Introductions …………………………….…..……….…..14
o Textile Fibres or types of fibres.….….….…………15-18
o Dyeing ….….….….…………………….…..….….…...19-27
o Various method of Dyeing …………….….….….….24-27
o Fastness Properties ………....…..…..…..….…..…..27-28
3. Chemical classification of Dyes ………….....………29-31
o Introduction …….….….……………………………....29-31
4. Conclusion ….……..….….……………………………..32-33
5. References……………………………….………………….34
, 4
Definitions
Dye : A dye is a substance used to add color to materials, typically fibers,
textiles, or other substances like paper, leather, or food. Dyes are soluble in water,
allowing them to be absorbed by the material they are intended to color. Dyes work
by bonding chemically with the material, often at the molecular level, to ensure that
the color stays fixed. They are typically organic compounds.,1
Dyestuff: A dyestuff refers to a substance or compound used in the dyeing
process. Dyestuffs can be natural or synthetic and are typically powdered or
concentrated in liquid form. Dyestuffs can have different properties depending on
their chemical structure and how they interact with fibers or other materials. They are
generally used to color textiles, but also have applications in other industries, such
as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.,2
Azobenzene (Red coloured but not a dye)
White Dye : Some colourless compounds are used as the optical brighteners.
They may also be called as the white dyes. They have the special property of
absorbing ultraviolet light and re-emitting the visible light so that the fabric appears
bright.
Pigment: The coloured substance which is insoluble in water or other solvents is
called a pigment. Thus the application of dye and pigment will be different. A dye is
applied in the form of a solution, whereas the pigment is applied in the form of a
paste in a drying oil, in which it is insoluble.
Requisites of a True Dyes: All coloured substances are not dyes . However, the
requisites of a true dyes are as follows:
It must have a stable colour.
It must have an attractive colour i.e., it should not undergo structural changes
readily:
It must be able to attach itself to material from solution or to be capable to
fixed on it . For Example, azobenzene is coloured but cannot fix itself to a
fabric. Therefore, azobenzene is not a dye. Further, a dye may not be able to
dye all types of substrates.
On
SYNTHETIC DYES
SHAILENDRA MISHRA
Roll No: 2210404010526
B.Sc. Chemistry Semester-V
Submitted to
Prof. SUMITRA MAURYA
Department of Chemistry
SHRI JAI NARAIN MISHRA PG COLLEGE
(KKC), LUCKNOW
, 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMETS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have supported and
guided me throughout the preparation of this term paper on synthetic dyes.
My heartfelt thanks to Prof. Sumitra Maurya, my mentor for this project, whose
expert advice, continuous support, and constructive suggestions have been
instrumental in shaping the direction of this work. Their unwavering patience and
dedication have been a source of great inspiration.
I am deeply grateful to Prof. Ajay Kumar Mishra, Head of the Department of
Chemistry, for their valuable guidance, encouragement, and constant support
throughout the course of my research. Their insightful feedback has significantly
contributed to the successful completion of this paper.
First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Vinod Chandra, the Principal of
Shri Jai Narain PG College(KKC), for providing me with the opportunity and
resources to carry out this research.
I would also like to acknowledge the efforts of all my professors, colleagues, and
friends for their support and encouragement during the entire process.
Finally, I thank my family for their patience, and understanding, which has been
an immense source of strength throughout my academic journey.
Thank you all once again for your invaluable contributions to my work.
Shailendra Mishra
B.Sc. (Bio) (5th Semester)
Shri Jai Narain Mishra PG
College (KKC), Lucknow
, 3
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Dyes……………….…………………..04-13
o Definitions………………………….…….…..…….…..04-05
o Historical Development from
Natural to Synthetic Dyes………………….………..05-10
o Nomenclature of Dye Intermediates……………….….11
o Nomenclature of Dyes……………………………….11-13
2. General Information about Fibres
and Dyeing Methods ..………………………………...14-28
o Introductions …………………………….…..……….…..14
o Textile Fibres or types of fibres.….….….…………15-18
o Dyeing ….….….….…………………….…..….….…...19-27
o Various method of Dyeing …………….….….….….24-27
o Fastness Properties ………....…..…..…..….…..…..27-28
3. Chemical classification of Dyes ………….....………29-31
o Introduction …….….….……………………………....29-31
4. Conclusion ….……..….….……………………………..32-33
5. References……………………………….………………….34
, 4
Definitions
Dye : A dye is a substance used to add color to materials, typically fibers,
textiles, or other substances like paper, leather, or food. Dyes are soluble in water,
allowing them to be absorbed by the material they are intended to color. Dyes work
by bonding chemically with the material, often at the molecular level, to ensure that
the color stays fixed. They are typically organic compounds.,1
Dyestuff: A dyestuff refers to a substance or compound used in the dyeing
process. Dyestuffs can be natural or synthetic and are typically powdered or
concentrated in liquid form. Dyestuffs can have different properties depending on
their chemical structure and how they interact with fibers or other materials. They are
generally used to color textiles, but also have applications in other industries, such
as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.,2
Azobenzene (Red coloured but not a dye)
White Dye : Some colourless compounds are used as the optical brighteners.
They may also be called as the white dyes. They have the special property of
absorbing ultraviolet light and re-emitting the visible light so that the fabric appears
bright.
Pigment: The coloured substance which is insoluble in water or other solvents is
called a pigment. Thus the application of dye and pigment will be different. A dye is
applied in the form of a solution, whereas the pigment is applied in the form of a
paste in a drying oil, in which it is insoluble.
Requisites of a True Dyes: All coloured substances are not dyes . However, the
requisites of a true dyes are as follows:
It must have a stable colour.
It must have an attractive colour i.e., it should not undergo structural changes
readily:
It must be able to attach itself to material from solution or to be capable to
fixed on it . For Example, azobenzene is coloured but cannot fix itself to a
fabric. Therefore, azobenzene is not a dye. Further, a dye may not be able to
dye all types of substrates.
