NU 545 Unit 1 Latest Update 2025-2026 Actual
Exam 105 Questions with 100% Verified Correct
Answers Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor
A patient reacts to a blood transfusion, what is this an example of? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Alloimmunity: when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens
on the tissues of other member of the same species. (pg 276)
After ovulation what happens to uterine endometrial cells? - CORRECT ANSWER:
Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken for reception of the fertilized
ovum
After prolonged antibiotic therapy, what bacterium grows in the intestines? - CORRECT
ANSWER: "Prolonged treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics can alter the normal
intestinal microbiome, decreasing its protective activity and can lead to an overgrowth of
opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms, such as the yeast Candida Albicans or the
bacteria Clostridium difficile" (pg. 193)
After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for how
long? - CORRECT ANSWER: Seronegative = without antibodies; Antibodies can be
detected 18-90 days post infection
After the initial infection with herpes, why is the virus inaccessible to antibodies? -
CORRECT ANSWER: This cell-associated route of viral transmission is known as a
mechanism of immune evasion and used by HSV to move from infected cells to non-
infected neighboring cells to facilitate infection. By this means the virus remains
inaccessible to neutralizing antibodies. (pg 933-934)
Bacteria cannot multiply without? - CORRECT ANSWER: "Pathogenic microorganisms
usually exist in reservoirs (a natural habitat where the microorganism can multiply),
such as the environment, vertebrate animals or another human who is infected." (pg.
292)
,"Stable colonization of bacteria requires adhesion. Many bacteria attach through pili
(fimbriae), surface glycoproteins, or complement-related receptors." (pg. 320)
"For many microorganisms the human body is a hospitable site in which to grow and
flourish because of sufficient nutrients and appropriate conditions of temperature and
humidity." (pg. 290)
Can insulin be used to treat hyperkalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER: Administration of
insulin and glucose helps facilitate cellular entry of potassium. (p118-119)
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? - CORRECT ANSWER:
"The main components of cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure of
cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? - CORRECT ANSWER: No. For example,
most of the neurons and skeletal muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state;
with their cell cycle control system disassembled, the molecular regulatory switches
become permanently turned off and cell division rarely occurs (p. 37)
Do androgens affect lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER: Androgens suppress both T-
and B-cell responses (pg. 338)
Does estrogen affect lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER: Estrogens generally are
associated with a depression of T-cell-dependent immune function and an enhancement
of B-cell functions. (pg. 338)
During acidosis how does the body compensate for increase in hydrogen ions? -
CORRECT ANSWER: In respiratory acidosis - the increased levels of CO2 stimulate the
kidneys to compensate to retain bicarb (HCO3) to buffer all of the excess hydrogen ions
to normalize the pH
In metabolic acidosis - the lowered pH stimulates the lungs to compensate by
hyperventilation which decreases the levels of CO2 and bicarb
Pg. 125/128
, During an IgE hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Mast cells (pg 263-265)
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, what happens to osmotic pressure? - CORRECT
ANSWER: The increase of intracellular sodium concentration increases osmotic
pressure which draws more water into the cell pg 84
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling
agents" "as cells complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...
Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called autolysosomes or
autophagomes (pg 7-8).
During the response to stress what decreases lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages
and prostaglandin? - CORRECT ANSWER: Cortisol
Graves disease - CORRECT ANSWER: Most common form of hyperthyroidism, more
commonly in women. Caused by thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that stimulate
thyroid TSH receptors, resulting in thyroid hyperplasia and increased synthesis of TH.
S/S can include: diffuse thyroid enlargement, skin disorders, enlargements of
extraocular enlargement, orbital fat accumulation, and pretibial myxedema (swelling of
legs and hands), and exophthalmos (ocular edema caused by autonomic nervous
system and by immune-induced infiltration of extraocular muscles. (pg 726, 760)
How are vaccines against viruses made? - CORRECT ANSWER: The purpose of
vaccines is to promote active immunity as to reduce the risk of contracting an infection
and reduce morbidity/mortality of infection. Does not last as long as infection-induced
immunity, but immunization protocols are made to produce a large number of memory
cells and a protective secondary immune response. (Page 318-319; power point page
48)
Attenuated Vaccines: contain live viruses that are weakened. They express enough of
the appropriate antigen and are unable to establish more than a mild and limiting
infection (except in those whose immune systems are deficient or suppressed). They
Exam 105 Questions with 100% Verified Correct
Answers Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor
A patient reacts to a blood transfusion, what is this an example of? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Alloimmunity: when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens
on the tissues of other member of the same species. (pg 276)
After ovulation what happens to uterine endometrial cells? - CORRECT ANSWER:
Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken for reception of the fertilized
ovum
After prolonged antibiotic therapy, what bacterium grows in the intestines? - CORRECT
ANSWER: "Prolonged treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics can alter the normal
intestinal microbiome, decreasing its protective activity and can lead to an overgrowth of
opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms, such as the yeast Candida Albicans or the
bacteria Clostridium difficile" (pg. 193)
After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for how
long? - CORRECT ANSWER: Seronegative = without antibodies; Antibodies can be
detected 18-90 days post infection
After the initial infection with herpes, why is the virus inaccessible to antibodies? -
CORRECT ANSWER: This cell-associated route of viral transmission is known as a
mechanism of immune evasion and used by HSV to move from infected cells to non-
infected neighboring cells to facilitate infection. By this means the virus remains
inaccessible to neutralizing antibodies. (pg 933-934)
Bacteria cannot multiply without? - CORRECT ANSWER: "Pathogenic microorganisms
usually exist in reservoirs (a natural habitat where the microorganism can multiply),
such as the environment, vertebrate animals or another human who is infected." (pg.
292)
,"Stable colonization of bacteria requires adhesion. Many bacteria attach through pili
(fimbriae), surface glycoproteins, or complement-related receptors." (pg. 320)
"For many microorganisms the human body is a hospitable site in which to grow and
flourish because of sufficient nutrients and appropriate conditions of temperature and
humidity." (pg. 290)
Can insulin be used to treat hyperkalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER: Administration of
insulin and glucose helps facilitate cellular entry of potassium. (p118-119)
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? - CORRECT ANSWER:
"The main components of cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure of
cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? - CORRECT ANSWER: No. For example,
most of the neurons and skeletal muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state;
with their cell cycle control system disassembled, the molecular regulatory switches
become permanently turned off and cell division rarely occurs (p. 37)
Do androgens affect lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER: Androgens suppress both T-
and B-cell responses (pg. 338)
Does estrogen affect lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER: Estrogens generally are
associated with a depression of T-cell-dependent immune function and an enhancement
of B-cell functions. (pg. 338)
During acidosis how does the body compensate for increase in hydrogen ions? -
CORRECT ANSWER: In respiratory acidosis - the increased levels of CO2 stimulate the
kidneys to compensate to retain bicarb (HCO3) to buffer all of the excess hydrogen ions
to normalize the pH
In metabolic acidosis - the lowered pH stimulates the lungs to compensate by
hyperventilation which decreases the levels of CO2 and bicarb
Pg. 125/128
, During an IgE hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Mast cells (pg 263-265)
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, what happens to osmotic pressure? - CORRECT
ANSWER: The increase of intracellular sodium concentration increases osmotic
pressure which draws more water into the cell pg 84
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling
agents" "as cells complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...
Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called autolysosomes or
autophagomes (pg 7-8).
During the response to stress what decreases lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages
and prostaglandin? - CORRECT ANSWER: Cortisol
Graves disease - CORRECT ANSWER: Most common form of hyperthyroidism, more
commonly in women. Caused by thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that stimulate
thyroid TSH receptors, resulting in thyroid hyperplasia and increased synthesis of TH.
S/S can include: diffuse thyroid enlargement, skin disorders, enlargements of
extraocular enlargement, orbital fat accumulation, and pretibial myxedema (swelling of
legs and hands), and exophthalmos (ocular edema caused by autonomic nervous
system and by immune-induced infiltration of extraocular muscles. (pg 726, 760)
How are vaccines against viruses made? - CORRECT ANSWER: The purpose of
vaccines is to promote active immunity as to reduce the risk of contracting an infection
and reduce morbidity/mortality of infection. Does not last as long as infection-induced
immunity, but immunization protocols are made to produce a large number of memory
cells and a protective secondary immune response. (Page 318-319; power point page
48)
Attenuated Vaccines: contain live viruses that are weakened. They express enough of
the appropriate antigen and are unable to establish more than a mild and limiting
infection (except in those whose immune systems are deficient or suppressed). They
