, Qualitative Research a a
Methods for the Social a a a
Sciences
a
NINTH EDITION G a a
LOBAL EDITION a
Howard Lune a
HunteraCollege,aCUNY
Bruce L. Berg a a
CaliforniaaStatea University,a Longa Beach
Harlow,aEnglanda•aLondona•aNewaYorka•aBostona•aSanaFranciscoa•aTorontoa•aSydneya•aDubaia•aSingaporea•aHongaKon
ga Tokyoa •a Seoula •a Taipeia •a Newa Delhia •a Capea Towna •a Saoa Pauloa •a Mexicoa Citya •a Madrida •a Amsterdama •a Municha •a Pari
sa •a Milan
,VP,aProductaDevelopment:aDicksonaMusslewhite AssetaDevelopmentaTeam:aLearningMateaSolutio
Director,aContentaStrategyaandaDevelopment: ns,aLtd.
SharonaGeary VP,aDirectoraofaMarketing:aMaggieaMoylan
EditorainaChief:aAshleyaDodgeaManagin Director,aProjectaManagementaServices:
gaEditor:aSutapaaMukherjeeaSponsoringa EtainaO’Dea
Editor:aBimbabatiaSenaContentaManager ProjectaTeamaLead:aVamananaNamboodiri
:aCarlyaCzech ProjectaManager:aRuchiaSachdev
ProjectaManager,aGlobalaEdition:aSudiptoaRoy DirectoraofaFieldaMarketing:aJonathanaCottrellaSe
SenioraAcquisitionsaEditor,aGlobalaEdition: nioraMarketingaCoordinator:aSusanaOsterlitzaOpe
SandhyaaGhoshal rationsaManager:aMaryaFischer
SenioraProjectaEditor,aGlobalaEdition:aDanielaLuiz OperationsaSpecialist:aMaryaAnnaGloriandeaAsso
aProjectaEditor,aGlobalaEdition:aRahulaAroraaMan ciateaDirectoraofaDesign:aBlairaBrownaInterioraDe
ager,aMediaaProduction,aGlobalaEdition: sign:aKathrynaFoot
M.aVikramaKumar CoveraDesign:aLuminaaDatamatics,aInc.
ManufacturingaController,aProduction,aGlobalaEd CoveraArt:aWestend61aPremium/Shutterstock
ition:aJerryaKataria Full-ServiceaProjectaManagementaandaComposition:
EditorialaProjectaManager:aLindsayaBethoney,aLu Ashwinaa Ragounath/Integraa Softwarea Services
minaaDatamatics,aInc.
Acknowledgementsaofathirdapartyacontentaappearaonapagesa235–
237,awhichaconstitutesaanaextensionaofathisacopyrightapage.
PearsonaEducationaLimitedaEdinburg
haGate
Harlow
EssexaCM20a2JEaEnglan
d
andaAssociatedaCompaniesathroughoutatheaworldaVis
itausaonatheaWorldaWideaWebaat:
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com
©aPearsonaEducationaLimiteda2017
ThearightsaofaHowardaLuneaandaBruceaL.aBergatoabeaidentifiedaasatheaauthorsaofathisaworkahaveabeenaasserteda
byathemainaaccordanceawithatheaCopyright,aDesignsaandaPatentsaActa1988.
AuthorizedaadaptationafromatheaUnitedaStatesaedition,aentitledaQualitativeaResearchaMethodsaforatheaSocialaSciences,a9tha
edition,aISBNa978-0-134-20213-6,abyaHowardaLuneaandaBruceaL.aBerg,apublishedabyaPearsonaEducationa©a2017.
Allarightsareserved.aNoapartaofathisapublicationamayabeareproduced,astoredainaaaretrievalasystem,aoratransmitteda
inaanyaformaorabyaanyameans,aelectronic,amechanical,aphotocopying,arecordingaoraotherwise,awithoutaeitherathea
priorawrittenapermissionaofatheapublisheraoraaalicenseapermittingarestrictedacopyingainatheaUnitedaKingdomaiss
uedabyatheaCopyrightaLicensingaAgencyaLtd,aSaffronaHouse,a6–10aKirbyaStreet,aLondonaEC1Na8TS.
Allatrademarksausedahereinaareatheapropertyaofatheirarespectiveaowners.aTheauseaofaanyatrademarkainathisatexta
doesanotavestainatheaauthoraorapublisheraanyatrademarkaownershiparightsainasuchatrademarks,anoradoesatheaus
eaofasuchatrademarksaimplyaanyaaffiliationawithaoraendorsementaofathisabookabyasuchaowners.
ISBNa10:a129-2-16439-5
ISBNa13:a978-1-292-16439-7
BritishaLibraryaCataloguing-in-PublicationaData
AacataloguearecordaforathisabookaisaavailableafromatheaBritishaLibrary.
10a9a8a7a6a5a4a3a2a1
14a13a12a11a10
PrintedaandaboundainaVivar,aMalaysia.
, Brief Contents
a
1 Introduction 11 8 UnobtrusiveaMeasuresainaResearch 146
2 DesigningaQualitativeaResearch 22 9 SocialaHistoricalaResearchaan
daOralaTraditions 158
3 EthicalaIssuesainaResearch 43
10 CaseaStudies 170
4 AaDramaturgicalaLook
ataInterviewing 65 11 AnaIntroductionatoaContent
Analysis 181
5 FocusaGroupaInterviewing 94
12 WritingaResearch:aFinding
6 EthnographicaFieldaStrategies 107 MeaningainaData 201
7 ParticipatoryaActionaResearch 136
3
Methods for the Social a a a
Sciences
a
NINTH EDITION G a a
LOBAL EDITION a
Howard Lune a
HunteraCollege,aCUNY
Bruce L. Berg a a
CaliforniaaStatea University,a Longa Beach
Harlow,aEnglanda•aLondona•aNewaYorka•aBostona•aSanaFranciscoa•aTorontoa•aSydneya•aDubaia•aSingaporea•aHongaKon
ga Tokyoa •a Seoula •a Taipeia •a Newa Delhia •a Capea Towna •a Saoa Pauloa •a Mexicoa Citya •a Madrida •a Amsterdama •a Municha •a Pari
sa •a Milan
,VP,aProductaDevelopment:aDicksonaMusslewhite AssetaDevelopmentaTeam:aLearningMateaSolutio
Director,aContentaStrategyaandaDevelopment: ns,aLtd.
SharonaGeary VP,aDirectoraofaMarketing:aMaggieaMoylan
EditorainaChief:aAshleyaDodgeaManagin Director,aProjectaManagementaServices:
gaEditor:aSutapaaMukherjeeaSponsoringa EtainaO’Dea
Editor:aBimbabatiaSenaContentaManager ProjectaTeamaLead:aVamananaNamboodiri
:aCarlyaCzech ProjectaManager:aRuchiaSachdev
ProjectaManager,aGlobalaEdition:aSudiptoaRoy DirectoraofaFieldaMarketing:aJonathanaCottrellaSe
SenioraAcquisitionsaEditor,aGlobalaEdition: nioraMarketingaCoordinator:aSusanaOsterlitzaOpe
SandhyaaGhoshal rationsaManager:aMaryaFischer
SenioraProjectaEditor,aGlobalaEdition:aDanielaLuiz OperationsaSpecialist:aMaryaAnnaGloriandeaAsso
aProjectaEditor,aGlobalaEdition:aRahulaAroraaMan ciateaDirectoraofaDesign:aBlairaBrownaInterioraDe
ager,aMediaaProduction,aGlobalaEdition: sign:aKathrynaFoot
M.aVikramaKumar CoveraDesign:aLuminaaDatamatics,aInc.
ManufacturingaController,aProduction,aGlobalaEd CoveraArt:aWestend61aPremium/Shutterstock
ition:aJerryaKataria Full-ServiceaProjectaManagementaandaComposition:
EditorialaProjectaManager:aLindsayaBethoney,aLu Ashwinaa Ragounath/Integraa Softwarea Services
minaaDatamatics,aInc.
Acknowledgementsaofathirdapartyacontentaappearaonapagesa235–
237,awhichaconstitutesaanaextensionaofathisacopyrightapage.
PearsonaEducationaLimitedaEdinburg
haGate
Harlow
EssexaCM20a2JEaEnglan
d
andaAssociatedaCompaniesathroughoutatheaworldaVis
itausaonatheaWorldaWideaWebaat:
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com
©aPearsonaEducationaLimiteda2017
ThearightsaofaHowardaLuneaandaBruceaL.aBergatoabeaidentifiedaasatheaauthorsaofathisaworkahaveabeenaasserteda
byathemainaaccordanceawithatheaCopyright,aDesignsaandaPatentsaActa1988.
AuthorizedaadaptationafromatheaUnitedaStatesaedition,aentitledaQualitativeaResearchaMethodsaforatheaSocialaSciences,a9tha
edition,aISBNa978-0-134-20213-6,abyaHowardaLuneaandaBruceaL.aBerg,apublishedabyaPearsonaEducationa©a2017.
Allarightsareserved.aNoapartaofathisapublicationamayabeareproduced,astoredainaaaretrievalasystem,aoratransmitteda
inaanyaformaorabyaanyameans,aelectronic,amechanical,aphotocopying,arecordingaoraotherwise,awithoutaeitherathea
priorawrittenapermissionaofatheapublisheraoraaalicenseapermittingarestrictedacopyingainatheaUnitedaKingdomaiss
uedabyatheaCopyrightaLicensingaAgencyaLtd,aSaffronaHouse,a6–10aKirbyaStreet,aLondonaEC1Na8TS.
Allatrademarksausedahereinaareatheapropertyaofatheirarespectiveaowners.aTheauseaofaanyatrademarkainathisatexta
doesanotavestainatheaauthoraorapublisheraanyatrademarkaownershiparightsainasuchatrademarks,anoradoesatheaus
eaofasuchatrademarksaimplyaanyaaffiliationawithaoraendorsementaofathisabookabyasuchaowners.
ISBNa10:a129-2-16439-5
ISBNa13:a978-1-292-16439-7
BritishaLibraryaCataloguing-in-PublicationaData
AacataloguearecordaforathisabookaisaavailableafromatheaBritishaLibrary.
10a9a8a7a6a5a4a3a2a1
14a13a12a11a10
PrintedaandaboundainaVivar,aMalaysia.
, Brief Contents
a
1 Introduction 11 8 UnobtrusiveaMeasuresainaResearch 146
2 DesigningaQualitativeaResearch 22 9 SocialaHistoricalaResearchaan
daOralaTraditions 158
3 EthicalaIssuesainaResearch 43
10 CaseaStudies 170
4 AaDramaturgicalaLook
ataInterviewing 65 11 AnaIntroductionatoaContent
Analysis 181
5 FocusaGroupaInterviewing 94
12 WritingaResearch:aFinding
6 EthnographicaFieldaStrategies 107 MeaningainaData 201
7 ParticipatoryaActionaResearch 136
3
