NUR 2063 / NUR2063 LATEST UPDATE 2025 – 2026
EXAM UPDATE ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY| QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? - Answer-Blood loss
from cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and
diarrhea Abnormally excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by
excessive intake of diuretic substances or medications or from renal
disorder.
Tetany - Answer-a symptom characterized by the involuntary
contraction of muscles that leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of
the voice box (i.e., larynx), and sensory disturbances.
What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? - Answer-
Hypocalcemia - aka LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
Symptoms of dehydration - Answer-thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of
appetite, dry eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
,Osmosis - Answer-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane.
Clinical manifestations of fluid excess - Answer-peripheral edema,
periorbital edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse,
tachycardia, jugular vein distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight
gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles.
2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid? -
Answer-(Sodium and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not
contained in cells. It is found in blood, in lymph, in body cavities lined
with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the cavities and channels
of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues.
Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? - Answer-
(tassium) The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant
environment for cellular operations.
Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? - Answer-
Gastrointestinal losses (vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
Diabetes mellitus (which causes renal glucose excretion and, in turn,
results in water losses)
Diabetes insipidus (an inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive
water loss).
, Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? - Answer-Hyponatremia
occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally
low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water
that's in and around your cells. In hyponatremia, one or more factors —
ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much
water — cause the sodium in your body to become diluted. When this
happens, your body's water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell.
This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-
threatening.
Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? - Answer-Mainly Calcium
but is found with magnesium and phosphorus.
The normal lab value range for potassium, what happens to the body
when outside this range? - Answer-It is critical to the proper functioning
of nerve and muscles cells, particularly heart muscle cells. Normally,
your blood potassium level is 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A
very low potassium level (less than 2.5 mmol/L ) can be life-threatening
and requires urgent medical attention.
The normal lab value range for sodium, what happens to the body when
outside this range? - Answer-SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant
cation (pronounced cat-ion) in the blood and its chief base. It functions
in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to
transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and neurologic
symptoms.
Sodium, serum: 135-145 mEq/L
Sodium, urine: 135-145 mEq/L
EXAM UPDATE ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY| QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? - Answer-Blood loss
from cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and
diarrhea Abnormally excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by
excessive intake of diuretic substances or medications or from renal
disorder.
Tetany - Answer-a symptom characterized by the involuntary
contraction of muscles that leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of
the voice box (i.e., larynx), and sensory disturbances.
What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? - Answer-
Hypocalcemia - aka LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
Symptoms of dehydration - Answer-thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of
appetite, dry eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
,Osmosis - Answer-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane.
Clinical manifestations of fluid excess - Answer-peripheral edema,
periorbital edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse,
tachycardia, jugular vein distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight
gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles.
2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid? -
Answer-(Sodium and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not
contained in cells. It is found in blood, in lymph, in body cavities lined
with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the cavities and channels
of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues.
Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? - Answer-
(tassium) The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant
environment for cellular operations.
Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? - Answer-
Gastrointestinal losses (vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
Diabetes mellitus (which causes renal glucose excretion and, in turn,
results in water losses)
Diabetes insipidus (an inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive
water loss).
, Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? - Answer-Hyponatremia
occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally
low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water
that's in and around your cells. In hyponatremia, one or more factors —
ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much
water — cause the sodium in your body to become diluted. When this
happens, your body's water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell.
This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-
threatening.
Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? - Answer-Mainly Calcium
but is found with magnesium and phosphorus.
The normal lab value range for potassium, what happens to the body
when outside this range? - Answer-It is critical to the proper functioning
of nerve and muscles cells, particularly heart muscle cells. Normally,
your blood potassium level is 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A
very low potassium level (less than 2.5 mmol/L ) can be life-threatening
and requires urgent medical attention.
The normal lab value range for sodium, what happens to the body when
outside this range? - Answer-SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant
cation (pronounced cat-ion) in the blood and its chief base. It functions
in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to
transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and neurologic
symptoms.
Sodium, serum: 135-145 mEq/L
Sodium, urine: 135-145 mEq/L
