McCance and Huether’s, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 9TH ED(PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 9TH EDITION) LATEST

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McCance and Huether’s, Pathophysiology:The Biologic Basis f
x x x x x x



or Disease in Adults and Children, 9TH ED(PATHOPHYSIOLOG
x x x x x x x



Y 9TH EDITION)
x x




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Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
x x x x



x

MULTIPLExCHOICEx
x

1. Whichxstatementxbestxdescribesxthexcellularxfunctionxofxmetabolicxabsorption?x
a. Cellsxcanxproducexproteins.x c.xCellsxcanxtakexinxandxusexnutrients.x
b. Cellsxcanxsecretexdigestivexenzymes.x d.xCellsxcanxsynthesizexfats.x
x

x


ANS:xCx
Inxmetabolicxabsorption,xallxcellsxtakexinxandxusexnutrientsxandxotherxsubstancesxfromxtheirxsu
rroundings.xThexremainingxoptionsxarexnotxinclusivexinxtheirxdescriptionsxofxcellularxmetabol
icxabsorption.x
x

PTS:x1x REF:xPagex2x
x

2. Mostxofxaxcell’sxgeneticxinformation,xincludingxRNAxandxDNA,xisxcontainedxinxthe:x
a. Mitochondriax c.xNucleolusx
b. Ribosomex d.xLysosomex
x

x


ANS:xCx
Thexnucleusxcontainsxthexnucleolus,xaxsmallxdensexstructurexcomposedxlargelyxofxRNA,xmost
xofxthexcellularxDNA,xandxthexDNA-

bindingxproteins,xsuchxasxthexhistones,xwhichxregulatexitsxactivity.xThexotherxoptionsxdoxnotxc
ontainxmostxofxaxcell’sxgeneticxinformation.x
x

PTS:x1x REF:xPagex2x
x


3. Whichxcomponentxofxthexcellxproducesxhydrogenxperoxidex(HNURSINGTB.COM
2O2)xbyxusingxoxygenxtoxremovexhydrogenxatomsxfromxspecificxsubstratesxinxanxoxidativexre
action?x
a. Lysosomesx c.xRibosomesx
b. Peroxisomesx d.xOxyhydrosomesx
x

x


ANS:xBx
Peroxisomesxarexsoxnamedxbecausextheyxusuallyxcontainxenzymesxthatxusexoxygenxtoxremove
xhydrogenxatomsxfromxspecificxsubstratesxinxanxoxidativexreactionxthatxproducesxH2O2,xwhich

xisxaxpowerfulxoxidantxandxpotentiallyxdestructivexifxitxaccumulatesxorxescapesxfromxperoxiso

mes.xRibosomesxarexRNA-
proteinxcomplexesx(nucleoproteins)xthatxarexsynthesizedxinxthexnucleolusxandxsecretedxintoxth
excytoplasmxthroughxporesxinxthexnuclearxenvelopexcalledxnuclearxporexcomplexes.xLysosom
esxarexsaclikexstructuresxthatxoriginatexfromxthexGolgixcomplexxandxcontainxmorexthanx40xdig
estivexenzymesxcalledxhydrolases,xwhichxcatalyzexbondsxinxproteins,xlipids,xnucleicxacids,xan
dxcarbohydrates.xOxyhydrosomesxarexinvolvedxinxenzymexproduction.x
x




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PTS:x1x REF:xPagex8x
x

4. Whichxcellxcomponentxisxcapablexofxcellularxautodigestionxwhenxitxisxreleasedxduringxcellxinjur
y?x
a. Ribosomex c.xSmoothxendoplasmicxreticulumx
b. Golgixcomplexx d.xLysosomesx
x

x


ANS:xDx
Thexlysosomalxmembranexactsxasxaxprotectivexshieldxbetweenxthexpowerfulxdigestivexenzyme
sxwithinxthexlysosomexandxthexcytoplasm,xpreventingxtheirxleakagexintoxthexcytoplasmicxmatr
ix.xDisruptionxofxthexmembranexbyxvariousxtreatmentsxorxcellularxinjuryxleadsxtoxaxreleasexofxt
hexlysosomalxenzymes,xwhichxcanxthenxreactxwithxtheirxspecificxsubstrates,xcausingxcellularxs
elf-digestion.xThexotherxoptionsxdoxnotxcorrectlyxdescribexthisxprocess.x
x

PTS:x1x REF:xPagesx7-8x
x

5. Whatxisxthexsequencexofxstepsxinxthexdevelopmentxofxaxdigestivexenzymexbyxthexpancreasxcellsxf
romxthexinitialxtranscriptionxtoxthexreleasexfromxthexcell?x
a. ThexenzymexisxtranscribedxfromxDNAxbyxRNAxinxthexnucleus,xproceedsxtoxthexribosomexf
orxsynthesis,xandxisxtransportedxinxaxsecretoryxvesiclextoxthexcellxmembrane.x
b. ThexenzymexisxtranscribedxfromxRNAxbyxDNAxinxthexnucleus,xproceedsxtoxthexlysosomex
forxsynthesis,xandxisxtransportedxinxanxencapsulatedxmembranextoxthexcellxmembrane.x
c. Thexenzymexisxtranscribedxbyxthexmitochondriaxinxthexnucleus,xproceedsxtoxthexribosomex
forxsynthesis,xandxisxtransportedxinxaxcytoskeletonxtoxthexcellxmembrane.x
d. ThexenzymexisxtranscribedxfromxDNAxbyxRNAxinxthexnucleus,xproceedsxtoxthex
Golgixcomplexxforxsynthesis,xandxisxtransportedxinxaxcytosolxtoxthexcellxmembrane.x
x

x


ANS:xAx
ThexenzymexisxtranscribedxfromxDNAxbyxRNAxinxthexnucleus,xproceedsxtoxthexribosomexforxs
ynthesis,xandxisxtransportedxinxaxsecretoryxvesiclextoxthexcellxmembrane.xThexotherxoptionsxdo
xnotxcorrectlyxdescribexthisxprocess.x


x
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PTS:x1x REF:xPagex7x|xFigurex1-5x x
x

6. DuringxwhichxphasexofxthexcellxcyclexisxDNAxsynthesized?x
a. G1x c.xG2x
b. Sx d.xMx
x

x


ANS:xBx
Thexfourxdesignatedxphasesxofxthexcellxcyclexare:x(1)xthexG1xphasex(Gx=xgap),xwhichxisxthexperi
odxbetweenxthexMxphasex(Mx=xmitosis)xandxthexstartxofxDNAxsynthesis;x(2)xthexSxphasex(Sx=xs
ynthesis),xduringxwhichxDNAxisxsynthesizedxinxthexcellxnucleus;x(3)xthexG2xphase,xduringxwhi
chxRNAxandxproteinxsynthesisxoccurs,xthexperiodxbetweenxthexcompletionxofxDNAxsynthesisx
andxthexnextxphasex(M);xandx(4)xthexMxphase,xwhichxincludesxnuclearxandxcytoplasmicxdivisi
on.x
x

PTS:x1x REF:xPagex37x
x




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7. Whatxorganicxcompoundxfacilitatesxtransportationxacrossxcellxmembranesxbyxactingxasxrecepto
rs,xtransportxchannelsxforxelectrolytes,xandxenzymesxtoxdrivexactivexpumps?x
a. Lipidsx c.xProteinsx
b. Proteasesx d.xCarbohydratesx
x

x


ANS:xCx
Proteinsxactxasx(1)xrecognitionxandxbindingxunitsx(receptors)xforxsubstancesxmovingxinxandxou
txofxthexcell;x(2)xporesxorxtransportxchannelsxforxvariousxelectricallyxchargedxparticlesxcalledxi
onsxorxelectrolytesxandxspecificxcarriersxforxaminoxacidsxandxmonosaccharides;xandx(3)xspecif
icxenzymesxthatxdrivexactivexpumpsxthatxpromotexthexconcentrationxofxcertainxions,xparticular
lyxpotassiumx(K+),xwithinxthexcellxwhilexkeepingxconcentrationsxofxotherxions,xforxexample,xs
odiumx(Na+),xbelowxthexconcentrationsxfoundxinxthexextracellularxenvironment.xThexotherxop
tionsxdoxnotxcorrectlyxdescribexthisxprocess.x
x

PTS:x1x REF:xPagex13x|xPagex15x x
x

8. Understandingxthexvariousxstepsxofxproteolyticxcascades,xsuchxasxcaspase-
mediatedxapoptosisxandxcomplementxcascades,xmayxbexusefulxinxdesigningxdrugxtherapyxforxw
hichxhumanxdiseases?x
a. Cardiacxandxvascularxdisordersx
b. Autoimmunexandxmalignantxdisordersx
c. Gastrointestinalxandxrenalxdisordersx
d. Endocrinexandxgastrointestinalxdisordersx
x

x


ANS:xBx
Understandingxthexvariousxstepsxinvolvedxinxthisxprocessxisxcrucialxforxdesigningxdrugxinterv
entions.xDysregulationxofxproteasesxfeaturesxprominentlyxinxmanyxhumanxdiseases,xincludin
gxcancer,xautoimmunity,xandxneurodegenerativexdisorders.xThexotherxoptionsxdoxnotxcorrectl
yxdescribexthisxprocess.x
x

PTS:x1x REF:xPagex15x
x

9. Whichxstructurexpreventsxwater-
solublexmoleculesxfromxenteringxcellsxacrossxthexplasmaxmembrane?x NURSINGTB.COM

a. Carbohydratexchainsx c.xMembranexchannelxproteinsx
b. Glycoproteinxchannelsx d.xLipidxbilayerx
x

x


ANS:xDx
Thexbilayer’sxstructurexaccountsxforxonexofxthexessentialxfunctionsxofxthexplasmaxmembrane.xI
txisximpermeablextoxmostxwater-
solublexmoleculesx(moleculesxthatxdissolvexinxwater)xbecausexthexwater-
solublexmoleculesxarexinsolublexinxthexoilyxcorexregion.xThexbilayerxservesxasxaxbarrierxtoxthex
diffusionxofxwaterxandxhydrophilicxsubstancesxwhilexallowingxlipid-
solublexmolecules,xsuchxasxoxygenx(O2)xandxcarbonxdioxidex(CO2),xtoxdiffusexthroughxitxreadi
ly.xThexotherxoptionsxdoxnotxcorrectlyxdescribexthisxprocess.x
x

PTS:x1x REF:xPagesx12-13x
x

10. Thexfluidxmosaicxmodelxexplains:x




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