AMT 2 Study Guide Exam | 2024/2025 Edition

AMT 2 Study Guide Exam | 2024/2025 Edition Stroma - ansfluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids Chlorophyll - ansA green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria cellular resperation - ansthe process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food Glucose - ansA simple sugar that is an important source of energy. Glycolysis - ansthe breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. Lactic acid fermentation - ansthe chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product alcoholic fermentation - ansthe anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol Aerobic - ansProcess that requires oxygen Anaerobic - ansProcess that does not require oxygen Cell division - ansProcess by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells Cell cycle - ansseries of events that cells go through as they grow and divide G1 phase - ansThe first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. G2 phase - ansThe second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. S phase (synthesis) - ansThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. M phase (mitosis) - ansprophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Prophase - ansChromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms Metaphase - ansChromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase - ansthe third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles Telophase - ansAfter the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. Cytokenesis - ansends mitosis, division of the cytoplasm Cell plate - ansIn a plant cell, midline of dividing cells. Becomes the cell wall eventually. Cleavage furrow - ansThe first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. Centromere - ansArea where the sister chromatids of a chromosome are attached Centriole - ansstructure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division Cyclin - ansone of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells Cancer - answhen body's cell's lose ability to control growth carbohydrates - ansbody's main source of energy and provides glucose proteins - ansNutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues, chains of amino acids diffusion - ansMovement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. facilitated diffusion - ansdiffusion without energy but help from proteins embedded in cell membranes Equilibrium - ansA state of balance Osmosis - ansdiffusion of water Hypertonic - answhen comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes Hypotonic - ansHaving a lower concentration of solute than another solution isotonic - answhen the concentration of two solutions is the same Active Transport - ansEnergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference