NUR 2063 : Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1,2 and 3 with
100% correct answers.
Homeostasis
•state of equilibrium or balance within and organism
•Fluids and electrolytes exist within the body, are dynamic in nature, and are maintained in
constant balance, or homeostasis, within the body
fluid volume deficit
•Fluid deficit occurs when total body fluid levels (mostly water) are insufficient to meet the
body's needs may also be referred to as dehydration
•Fluid volume deficits may result from vomiting and diarrhea
Fluid Volume Excess
•Daily fluid intake should equal the amount of fluid lost
•Third spacing: significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment, which does not
exchange easily among other ECFs
Types: Edema, Water intoxication
Eukaryote
•is any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus
Mitochondria
•Have own DNA and ribosomes
•Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
what happens When arterial blood pressure decreases
•renin is released from the kidneys and works on angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting it
to angiotensin I.
What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and
natriuretic peptides
Control of fluid and electrolyte balances is maintained
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) also assist in
•maintaining blood pressure and intravascular fluid status
,What happens when renin converts angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting into
angiotensin I
•Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin-converting
enzymes
what is the role of Angiotensin II
•is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the release of aldosterone
What produces Aldosterone
Hypothalamus
What releases Aldosterone and why
The adrenal cortex releases and releases in response to changes in blood osmolality
What is the role of Aldosterone
promotes the retention of the sodium and water in the kidneys, restoring blood volume
directly influences water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys
What may cause Fluid volume deficient
•hemorrhage, excessive loss of GI fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea).
What are the symptoms of Fluid volume deficient
thirst, weight loss, lungs clear to auscultation, tachycardic.
What may cause fluid volume excess
•heart failure, end-stage kidney failure, etc.
What are the symptoms of Fluid volume excess (FVE)
•crackles in the lungs, hypertension, bounding pulses.
Where is the highest loss of daily fluids
in the urinary tract
Osmosis
•process which water travels through a selectively permeable membrane so the concentrations
of a substance that is soluble in water (solutes) are the same on both sides of the membrane.
(ex. movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular compartments).
,what type of movement is osmosis
Through osmosis water passively moves from an area of lower particle concentration to an area
of higher particle concentration.
Where does Potassium mostly exist in the body
•exists predominately in the intracellular fluid whereas sodium and chloride exists
predominately in extracellular fluid.
hypokalemia
When potassium levels in the body is less than 3.5 mEq/L
hyperkalemia
When potassium levels in the body is greater than 5 mEq/L
Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause
cardiac arrhythmias
Hypocalcemia
When calcium level is below 8.5 mg/dL
Hypocalcemia can result in
•positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of the corner of the patient's eye and mouth when the
facial nerve is tapped gently and positive Trousseau's sign (spasm of the and hand and wrist
[sign of tetany]).
Hyponatremia
•<135 mEq/L
Causes from excessive sodium losses or increased water gains (dilutional hyponatremia)
Hyponatremia requires
•frequent neuro assessment due to possible fatal cerebral edema. Due to fluid shifts in the
cerebral cortex, cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure may develop.
Electrolyte Normal Ranges
Sodium: 136-144mEq/L
Potassium: 3.7-5.2 mEq/L
, Calcium: 8.5-10.9mg/dL
Magnesium: 1.6-2.6mEq/L
Phosphorus 2.5-4.5mg/dL
Isotonic
•fluid volume is increased without a fluid shift
equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts
Hypotonic
•causes fluid shifts from the extracellular space into the intracellular space.
Draw fluid from vessels and move fluid into the cells
Hypertonic
•causes fluid shifts from the intracellular space into the extracellular space
Draw fluid out of the cells and into the blood
RAAS system causes
•vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
. The nurse correlates which physiological response to the secretion of renin by the kidneys?
Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction) and increase blood pressure
The nurse assess for which clinical manifestations in the patient with fluid volume deficit? Select
all that apply
a. decreased blood pressure
b. decreased urine output
c. increased serum osmolality
d. increased serum BUN
The nurse identifies the patient with which electrolyte abnormality as having the greatest risk
for ventricular dysrhythmias?
hyperkalemia
100% correct answers.
Homeostasis
•state of equilibrium or balance within and organism
•Fluids and electrolytes exist within the body, are dynamic in nature, and are maintained in
constant balance, or homeostasis, within the body
fluid volume deficit
•Fluid deficit occurs when total body fluid levels (mostly water) are insufficient to meet the
body's needs may also be referred to as dehydration
•Fluid volume deficits may result from vomiting and diarrhea
Fluid Volume Excess
•Daily fluid intake should equal the amount of fluid lost
•Third spacing: significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment, which does not
exchange easily among other ECFs
Types: Edema, Water intoxication
Eukaryote
•is any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus
Mitochondria
•Have own DNA and ribosomes
•Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
what happens When arterial blood pressure decreases
•renin is released from the kidneys and works on angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting it
to angiotensin I.
What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and
natriuretic peptides
Control of fluid and electrolyte balances is maintained
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) also assist in
•maintaining blood pressure and intravascular fluid status
,What happens when renin converts angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting into
angiotensin I
•Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin-converting
enzymes
what is the role of Angiotensin II
•is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the release of aldosterone
What produces Aldosterone
Hypothalamus
What releases Aldosterone and why
The adrenal cortex releases and releases in response to changes in blood osmolality
What is the role of Aldosterone
promotes the retention of the sodium and water in the kidneys, restoring blood volume
directly influences water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys
What may cause Fluid volume deficient
•hemorrhage, excessive loss of GI fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea).
What are the symptoms of Fluid volume deficient
thirst, weight loss, lungs clear to auscultation, tachycardic.
What may cause fluid volume excess
•heart failure, end-stage kidney failure, etc.
What are the symptoms of Fluid volume excess (FVE)
•crackles in the lungs, hypertension, bounding pulses.
Where is the highest loss of daily fluids
in the urinary tract
Osmosis
•process which water travels through a selectively permeable membrane so the concentrations
of a substance that is soluble in water (solutes) are the same on both sides of the membrane.
(ex. movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular compartments).
,what type of movement is osmosis
Through osmosis water passively moves from an area of lower particle concentration to an area
of higher particle concentration.
Where does Potassium mostly exist in the body
•exists predominately in the intracellular fluid whereas sodium and chloride exists
predominately in extracellular fluid.
hypokalemia
When potassium levels in the body is less than 3.5 mEq/L
hyperkalemia
When potassium levels in the body is greater than 5 mEq/L
Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause
cardiac arrhythmias
Hypocalcemia
When calcium level is below 8.5 mg/dL
Hypocalcemia can result in
•positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of the corner of the patient's eye and mouth when the
facial nerve is tapped gently and positive Trousseau's sign (spasm of the and hand and wrist
[sign of tetany]).
Hyponatremia
•<135 mEq/L
Causes from excessive sodium losses or increased water gains (dilutional hyponatremia)
Hyponatremia requires
•frequent neuro assessment due to possible fatal cerebral edema. Due to fluid shifts in the
cerebral cortex, cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure may develop.
Electrolyte Normal Ranges
Sodium: 136-144mEq/L
Potassium: 3.7-5.2 mEq/L
, Calcium: 8.5-10.9mg/dL
Magnesium: 1.6-2.6mEq/L
Phosphorus 2.5-4.5mg/dL
Isotonic
•fluid volume is increased without a fluid shift
equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts
Hypotonic
•causes fluid shifts from the extracellular space into the intracellular space.
Draw fluid from vessels and move fluid into the cells
Hypertonic
•causes fluid shifts from the intracellular space into the extracellular space
Draw fluid out of the cells and into the blood
RAAS system causes
•vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
. The nurse correlates which physiological response to the secretion of renin by the kidneys?
Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction) and increase blood pressure
The nurse assess for which clinical manifestations in the patient with fluid volume deficit? Select
all that apply
a. decreased blood pressure
b. decreased urine output
c. increased serum osmolality
d. increased serum BUN
The nurse identifies the patient with which electrolyte abnormality as having the greatest risk
for ventricular dysrhythmias?
hyperkalemia
