BLD 434 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Define the following terms:
Hepatitis, "Fecal-oral route", parenteral, "Blood/body fluids", HBcAg, HBeAg,
HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs.
Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
Fecal-oral route: contaminated food/water leading to Hepatitis A and E
Blood/body fluids= Parenteral: other than the intestine - leads to Hepatitis B (D) and
Hepatitis C
HBcAg: Important viral antigen/hepatitis B core antigen. A protein that is surrounding
viral DNA in the virus core. Is not detectable in the serum
HBeAg: Hepatitis Be antigen. Protein is also surrounding viral DNA in the virus core
similar to HBcAg. Appears shortly after the HBsAg and indicates high viral replication
and a high degree of infectivity
HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen- a protein in outer virus envelope and in particles in
blood. First HBV antigen to appear in serum (detectable between 2 to 12 weeks after
exposure), and peaks during acute infection. Persistent HBsAg is an indication of
chronic or active infection
Anti-HBc: Anti-HBc comes in two forms of IgM and IgG. IgM appears first and is used as
indicator of current or recent acute infection, it is useful for detecting core window. IgG
then appears and persists for life- indicates past infection and immunity
,Anti-HBs: appears during recovery and persists for years and provides protective
immunity. A failure of infected patient to develop anti-HBs indicates chronic infection.
This is an antibody produced in response to vaccination
Identify the main health concern associated with viral hepatitis (acute, chronic,
etc.).
Chronic infection usually leads to cirrhosis or liver cancer
Recognize the significance of IgM isotype antibody, IgG isotype antibody, and
viral Ag or nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) in general staging of viral infections by
laboratory testing.
In adult patient serum, IgM isotype indicates a current or recent acute infection while
IgG isotype indicates a current or past infection, and immunity to re-infection.
Newborns/infants differ from adults in that there is no IgG testing/results due to the fact
that IgG is most likely through passive immunity from mother. There is virus-specific IgM
isotype serum that indicates congenital infection
If there is a positive serological test for viral antigen or there is detection of viral RNA or
DNA this indicates current infection
Explain how a RIBA test (such as that used to confirm HCV infection) differs from
a western blot test.
RIBA= Recombinant Immunoblot Assay
It is a confirmatory test and a molecular assay for HCV RNA in patient's serum. It is
similar to the western blot test, except recombinant HCV proteins are blotted directly
onto the nitrocellulose membranes
, Given the results of "hepatitis panel" tests for acute viral hepatitis, interpret the
disease that the patient has and suggest whether further testing is warranted and
what that testing should be.
Hepatitis panel testing tests the 3 most important forms of acute infection in the US
(Hep A, Hep B, and Hep C). When a patient present with jaundice or other signs of
acute hepatitis, usually a panel is ordered that tests IgM anti-HAV (Hepatitis A), IgM
anti-HBc and HBsAg (Hepatitis B), and anti-HCV and HCV RNA (Hepatitis B).
If results for IgM anti-HBc and HBsAg or anti-HCV and HCV RNA come back positive:
will want to stage the infection to see if they will have immune response to the infection
ToRCH Test, Titer
group of tests used to screen newborns and, sometimes, pregnant women for certain
infections that can cause birth defects in a baby if the mother contracts them during the
pregnancy. The tests detect antibodies produced by the immune system when exposed
to the infectious diseases.
The blood tests that make up the panel are for:
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Define the following terms:
Hepatitis, "Fecal-oral route", parenteral, "Blood/body fluids", HBcAg, HBeAg,
HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs.
Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
Fecal-oral route: contaminated food/water leading to Hepatitis A and E
Blood/body fluids= Parenteral: other than the intestine - leads to Hepatitis B (D) and
Hepatitis C
HBcAg: Important viral antigen/hepatitis B core antigen. A protein that is surrounding
viral DNA in the virus core. Is not detectable in the serum
HBeAg: Hepatitis Be antigen. Protein is also surrounding viral DNA in the virus core
similar to HBcAg. Appears shortly after the HBsAg and indicates high viral replication
and a high degree of infectivity
HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen- a protein in outer virus envelope and in particles in
blood. First HBV antigen to appear in serum (detectable between 2 to 12 weeks after
exposure), and peaks during acute infection. Persistent HBsAg is an indication of
chronic or active infection
Anti-HBc: Anti-HBc comes in two forms of IgM and IgG. IgM appears first and is used as
indicator of current or recent acute infection, it is useful for detecting core window. IgG
then appears and persists for life- indicates past infection and immunity
,Anti-HBs: appears during recovery and persists for years and provides protective
immunity. A failure of infected patient to develop anti-HBs indicates chronic infection.
This is an antibody produced in response to vaccination
Identify the main health concern associated with viral hepatitis (acute, chronic,
etc.).
Chronic infection usually leads to cirrhosis or liver cancer
Recognize the significance of IgM isotype antibody, IgG isotype antibody, and
viral Ag or nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) in general staging of viral infections by
laboratory testing.
In adult patient serum, IgM isotype indicates a current or recent acute infection while
IgG isotype indicates a current or past infection, and immunity to re-infection.
Newborns/infants differ from adults in that there is no IgG testing/results due to the fact
that IgG is most likely through passive immunity from mother. There is virus-specific IgM
isotype serum that indicates congenital infection
If there is a positive serological test for viral antigen or there is detection of viral RNA or
DNA this indicates current infection
Explain how a RIBA test (such as that used to confirm HCV infection) differs from
a western blot test.
RIBA= Recombinant Immunoblot Assay
It is a confirmatory test and a molecular assay for HCV RNA in patient's serum. It is
similar to the western blot test, except recombinant HCV proteins are blotted directly
onto the nitrocellulose membranes
, Given the results of "hepatitis panel" tests for acute viral hepatitis, interpret the
disease that the patient has and suggest whether further testing is warranted and
what that testing should be.
Hepatitis panel testing tests the 3 most important forms of acute infection in the US
(Hep A, Hep B, and Hep C). When a patient present with jaundice or other signs of
acute hepatitis, usually a panel is ordered that tests IgM anti-HAV (Hepatitis A), IgM
anti-HBc and HBsAg (Hepatitis B), and anti-HCV and HCV RNA (Hepatitis B).
If results for IgM anti-HBc and HBsAg or anti-HCV and HCV RNA come back positive:
will want to stage the infection to see if they will have immune response to the infection
ToRCH Test, Titer
group of tests used to screen newborns and, sometimes, pregnant women for certain
infections that can cause birth defects in a baby if the mother contracts them during the
pregnancy. The tests detect antibodies produced by the immune system when exposed
to the infectious diseases.
The blood tests that make up the panel are for:
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
