BLD 434: OBJECTIVE 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++

BLD 434: OBJECTIVE 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ Type 1 Lipids, lycopeptides in the presence of bacteria and parasites, in plasma membrane Type 2/3 do the same things, ligands are nucleotides, viruses and bacteria, endosome membranes (where DNA is)- viruses replicate in cytoplasm Type 4 recognizes the flagellin protein, a lot of bacteria in your gut, when bacteria invade epithelial lining, the cells respond Describe how TLR's main cell location relates to their targets. TLR's on on the phagocyte's outer membrane are involved with recognizing extracellular pathogens. TLR's on the endosomal membrane are responsible for the identification of intracellular pathogens, most commonly viruses. Describe the function of NFκB, IRF3, and IRF7 in cytokine production. NFκB activates transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines, which are synthesized in the cytoplasm and secreted via the ER. IRF3 and IRF7 are phosphorylated and travel to the nucleus to act as transcription factor. They induce type I interferon production, both IFN-α and IFN-β. Identify which of the interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β, or IFN-γ) are "Type I interferons" and the type of microbial infection they combat (ie, Bacterial? Viral? Fungal? Parasitic?) IFN-α and IFN-β are type one and they are critical in controlling viral infections. Identify the outcome of activation of MAVS receptors. RLR binding to viral RNA induces association with MAVS and dimerization. This then initiates signaling pathways that activate IRF3 and NFκB. IRF3 causes type I interferon synthesis and secretion while NFκB causes inflammatory cytokine production and release Identify the main function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.