BLD 434 TOPIC 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++

BLD 434 TOPIC 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ Differences between macrophages and neutrophils: macrophages distinguish between self and pathogen and mediate local inflammation which will recruit neutrophils, which kill the pathogens macrophages are long-lived and neutrophils are short-lived Cytokines released by macrophages that cause beneficial local immune system effects: IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12 IL-1beta and TNF-alpha: induce blood vessels to become more permeable, allows effector cells and fluid with soluble effector molecules to enter infected tissue (edema) IL-6: induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize, make heat, and raise the temperature of tissue CXCL8: recruits neutrophils from blood and guides them to the tissue IL-12: recruits and activates NK cells that will secrete cytokines that strengthen the macrophages' response to infection List he various receptors phagocytes possess that allow them to phagocytize pathogens mannose receptor (CD206), complement receptors 3 & 4 (MAC-1, CD11b/CD18), dectin-1, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), scavenger receptor A (SR-A), scavenger receptor B (SR-B) (CD36), LPS receptor (CD14) Receptor phagocytes have that allows them to recognize pathogens: toll-like receptors (TLR) Role of TLR in innate immune response: they activate macrophages are transmembrane proteins, which recognize invading microbes and activate signaling pathways that launch immune and inflammatory responses to destroy invaders through cytokines Major macrophage cytokine that triggers the "acute phase" response and the proteins that are produced as a part of the acute phase response: IL-6 from the liver hepatocytes