BN507 MODULE 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
What are the five functions of the bones/skeleton?
Forming supportive for body
Protection of soft tissues
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)
Levers for movement generated by skeletal muscles
Why is the ECM of bone inflexible?
Due to presence of mineral salts within its ECM
It also contains significant amounts of collagen fibres which allow the bone to withstand
great forces
What are the three main types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
,Most abundant
Stiff support that reduces friction but some resilience
Forms the cartilaginous skeleton of the embryo before being replaced by bone
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Consists mainly of collagen fibres allowing it to resist compression
Forms pads between bones where compression forces are high
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Pads within knee joint
Between pubic bone
Between vertebrae
What are the characteristics of osteogenic cells?
Maintained stock of cells undergoing continuous mitosis
What are the characteristics of osteocytes?
Are osteoblasts that have finished laying down ECM and are considered mature bone
cells
What are the characteristics of osteoclasts?
Are phagocytic cells that break down or resorb the ECM of bone in the process of bone
reporbtion
What is the periosteum?
Covers external surface of bone
,What is the endosteum?
Covers internal bone surface
What are the characteristics of intramembranous ossification?
Occurs only to the flat bones of the skull, the mandible and the clavicles
Ossification begins within fibrous (dense) connective tissue
What are the characteristics of endochondral ossification?
Ossification occurs within cartilage preforms (models of future bone), beginning in the
embryo and continuing into adolesense
What is the process of bone remodeling?
Bone is continuously replaced through removal (bone resorbtion) and replacement
(bone deposition)
This facilitates growth and generates the necessary shape </b>of individual bone
This remodling continues AFTER bones have <b>completed growth which continuosly
refines the finer detail of bone
What is skeletal muscle composed of?
numerous elongated muscle cells
The muscle cells are bunched together into fascicles which collectively make up the
muscle belly of individual skeletal muscles
What does insertion mean in terms of skeletal muscles?
, attachment site on a bone that moves when the muscle contracts
What are skeletal muscle cells (skeletal muscle fibres) and what do they contain?
cells with multiple nuclei
Muscle cells contain all the usual cellular organelles, plus glycosomes, myoglobin and
myofibrils
What are thick filaments composed of?
myosin
What are thin filaments composed of?
actin
tropomyosin
troponin
How are myofilaments arranged within each sacromere?
arranged in parallel with the thick filaments anchored to the centre of the sarcomere (at
the M-line)
thin filaments anchored to the ends of the sarcomere (at the Z-lines)
Where do the free ends of the thin filaments overlap and what does this allow
them to do?
slightly overlap the thick filaments towards the middle
This overlapping arrangement of the thin and thick filaments allows them to 'slide' past
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
What are the five functions of the bones/skeleton?
Forming supportive for body
Protection of soft tissues
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)
Levers for movement generated by skeletal muscles
Why is the ECM of bone inflexible?
Due to presence of mineral salts within its ECM
It also contains significant amounts of collagen fibres which allow the bone to withstand
great forces
What are the three main types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
,Most abundant
Stiff support that reduces friction but some resilience
Forms the cartilaginous skeleton of the embryo before being replaced by bone
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Consists mainly of collagen fibres allowing it to resist compression
Forms pads between bones where compression forces are high
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Pads within knee joint
Between pubic bone
Between vertebrae
What are the characteristics of osteogenic cells?
Maintained stock of cells undergoing continuous mitosis
What are the characteristics of osteocytes?
Are osteoblasts that have finished laying down ECM and are considered mature bone
cells
What are the characteristics of osteoclasts?
Are phagocytic cells that break down or resorb the ECM of bone in the process of bone
reporbtion
What is the periosteum?
Covers external surface of bone
,What is the endosteum?
Covers internal bone surface
What are the characteristics of intramembranous ossification?
Occurs only to the flat bones of the skull, the mandible and the clavicles
Ossification begins within fibrous (dense) connective tissue
What are the characteristics of endochondral ossification?
Ossification occurs within cartilage preforms (models of future bone), beginning in the
embryo and continuing into adolesense
What is the process of bone remodeling?
Bone is continuously replaced through removal (bone resorbtion) and replacement
(bone deposition)
This facilitates growth and generates the necessary shape </b>of individual bone
This remodling continues AFTER bones have <b>completed growth which continuosly
refines the finer detail of bone
What is skeletal muscle composed of?
numerous elongated muscle cells
The muscle cells are bunched together into fascicles which collectively make up the
muscle belly of individual skeletal muscles
What does insertion mean in terms of skeletal muscles?
, attachment site on a bone that moves when the muscle contracts
What are skeletal muscle cells (skeletal muscle fibres) and what do they contain?
cells with multiple nuclei
Muscle cells contain all the usual cellular organelles, plus glycosomes, myoglobin and
myofibrils
What are thick filaments composed of?
myosin
What are thin filaments composed of?
actin
tropomyosin
troponin
How are myofilaments arranged within each sacromere?
arranged in parallel with the thick filaments anchored to the centre of the sarcomere (at
the M-line)
thin filaments anchored to the ends of the sarcomere (at the Z-lines)
Where do the free ends of the thin filaments overlap and what does this allow
them to do?
slightly overlap the thick filaments towards the middle
This overlapping arrangement of the thin and thick filaments allows them to 'slide' past
