PHARMA3240 Pharmacology | Practice Questions and Answers

PHARMA3240 Pharmacology | Practice Questions and Answers ACE Inhibitor Contraindications - ansACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy and renal artery stenosis. Digoxin Absorption - ansDigoxin is not well absorbed orally. Noradrenaline - ansMain effects are from its release, with some direct effects on receptors. Anaesthetic vapours - ansNot all are uterine relaxants. ACE Inhibitors - ansContraindicated in pregnancy and in bilateral or unilateral renal artery stenosis. Sotalol, Quinidine, Disopyramide - ansDrugs causing prolongation of the Q-T interval. Sodium nitroprusside - ansAssociated with reflex tachycardia. Amiodarone - ansComplications include hypo or hyper-thyroidism and pulmonary fibrosis. Beta-blockers - ansMetabolized predominantly by the liver. Labetolol - ansHas significant ISA and is used in pre-eclampsia. Adrenaline precursors - ansNatural precursors include dopamine. Dopexamine hydrochloride - ansActs mainly at beta-2 and DA-1/DA-2 receptors, inhibits uptake-1. Hyoscine hydrobromide - ansHas central and peripheral effects, including sedative and anti-emetic actions. Isoprenaline - ansActs on beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, causing a fall in peripheral vascular resistance. Hydralazine - ansPredominantly an arteriolar dilator, may cause peripheral neuropathies and blood dyscrasias. Nitric oxide (NO) - ansProduced by macrophages and thrombocytes, synthesised from L-arginine. Tachyphylaxis drugs - ansExhibit tachyphylaxis upon repeated doses. Verapamil - ansSynthetic papaverine derivative excreted by the kidney. Trimetaphan - ansInduces hypotension by blocking sympathetic ganglia, with side-effects like histamine release. Phenoxybenzamine - ansNon-selective alpha blocker used in the treatment of phaeochromocytoma. Thiazide diuretics - ansSide effects include hypokalaemic, hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis. Ephedrine - ansUnlikely to be effective in reversing hypotension in patients chronically receiving certain medications. Drugs for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation - ansMay include disopyramide but not recommended for AF alone. Treatment of cardiogenic shock - ansInvolves adrenaline acting on both alpha and beta receptors. Infusion kinetics - ansMaintenance Dose = Steady State Concentration x Clearance. Cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms - ansInvolved in drug metabolism. Enzyme inducers - ansSubstances that induce enzyme activity.