BNKN601 LO 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Aetiology of schizophrenia
Biological and Diathesis stress model.
Biological includes neurotransmitter abnormalities, genetic predisposition and
biochemical theories
diathesis-stress model
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains
unexpressed until triggered by stress
Pathophysiology of schizophrenia - dopaminergic
- dopaminergic pathway
- in mesolimbic and prefrontal regions
- hyperactive dopamine transmitters = +ve
Pathophysiology of schizophrenia - glutamte
either insufficient or excess glutamate - can cause symptoms due to interaction with
GABA and dopamine neurotransmitters
Presentation of schizophrenia
positive and negative symptoms
positive schizophrenia symptoms
hallucinations, thought disorders, disorganized speech and delusions
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
,disturbance of affect e.g blunting, diminished social expression, avolition, decrease in
self-initiated purposeful activity, alogia, anhedonia, poverty of ideas
When diagnosing schizophrenia what do you need to be aware of
Culture and role in culture
Long term considerations of schizophrenia
treatment resistance
medication side effects- metabolic Atypical
increase in -ve symptoms = inc disability
social exclusion - stigma, discrimination, self stigma, fear and ignorance
hope and future goals
Family impacts of schizophrenia
Carer fatigue due to misunderstanding, stigma, discrimination, being scared of positive
symptoms.
psychological impacts of schizophrenia
trauma
impaired cognition
secondary morbidity
physical impacts of schizophrenia
treatment side effects
addiction
illness
Social impacts of schziophrenia
,education suffering
family impacted
vocational - work place discrimination/ time off sick
could lead to homelessness due to social and occupational impairment
Prodromal phase of schizophrenia
Early adolescence onset
social withdrawl can = drop in grades and social circle
can lead to an increase in AOD use, poor functioning, suspicion and paranoia.
Why is the prodromal phase difficult to diagnose
Withdraw/ risk taking can be seen as normal teen behaviour
Acute phase of schizophrenia
Generally consists of positive symptoms like hallucinations, delusions and disorders of
thought. May be risk to harming self or others. These are usually the focus of clinical
intervention. Treated w antipsychotics.
major determinants of disability is -ve symptoms
chronic schizophrenia
most likely negative. respond poorly to antipsychotic medications as they can make
negative symptoms worse because they are blocking serotonin and dopamine
receptors.
Depression aetiology
Biopsychosocial model of causation
Aetiology of depression - sexual differences
, Sexual differences, as women are more than twice as likely to develop depression as
men. A different immune response to stress and in turn the initiation of depression are
likely to be important, hormonal and genetic and social and psychosocial factors.
Aetiology of depression - brain chemistry
altered brain chemistry - decrease in serotonin? MOAI
- the HPA (hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal axis) axis - influences hormone systems
and circadian rhythm due to cortisol and thyroid hormones
Psychological causes of depression
Psycho dynamic - loss as a child which can result in a disorted self image - repressed
feelings about childhood - anger and self worth
Psychological causes of depression 2
INterpersonal - development of depressive way due to -ve relationships and lack of +ve
reinforcement
What is gene-environment interaction responsible for depression?
Genes/ genetic pattern interacting with prenatal stresses eg. Mother has an infectious
disease, uses drugs, has nutritional deficiencies or undergoes stress during pregnancy
AND/OR postnatal environment factors eg. Childhood maltreatment, poor living
conditions and family conflict.
These produce changes in the brain due to brain plasticity that increases vulnerability to
disorders.
Social causes of depression
vulnerability - loss of family or societal changes
Causes of perinatal depression:
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Aetiology of schizophrenia
Biological and Diathesis stress model.
Biological includes neurotransmitter abnormalities, genetic predisposition and
biochemical theories
diathesis-stress model
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains
unexpressed until triggered by stress
Pathophysiology of schizophrenia - dopaminergic
- dopaminergic pathway
- in mesolimbic and prefrontal regions
- hyperactive dopamine transmitters = +ve
Pathophysiology of schizophrenia - glutamte
either insufficient or excess glutamate - can cause symptoms due to interaction with
GABA and dopamine neurotransmitters
Presentation of schizophrenia
positive and negative symptoms
positive schizophrenia symptoms
hallucinations, thought disorders, disorganized speech and delusions
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
,disturbance of affect e.g blunting, diminished social expression, avolition, decrease in
self-initiated purposeful activity, alogia, anhedonia, poverty of ideas
When diagnosing schizophrenia what do you need to be aware of
Culture and role in culture
Long term considerations of schizophrenia
treatment resistance
medication side effects- metabolic Atypical
increase in -ve symptoms = inc disability
social exclusion - stigma, discrimination, self stigma, fear and ignorance
hope and future goals
Family impacts of schizophrenia
Carer fatigue due to misunderstanding, stigma, discrimination, being scared of positive
symptoms.
psychological impacts of schizophrenia
trauma
impaired cognition
secondary morbidity
physical impacts of schizophrenia
treatment side effects
addiction
illness
Social impacts of schziophrenia
,education suffering
family impacted
vocational - work place discrimination/ time off sick
could lead to homelessness due to social and occupational impairment
Prodromal phase of schizophrenia
Early adolescence onset
social withdrawl can = drop in grades and social circle
can lead to an increase in AOD use, poor functioning, suspicion and paranoia.
Why is the prodromal phase difficult to diagnose
Withdraw/ risk taking can be seen as normal teen behaviour
Acute phase of schizophrenia
Generally consists of positive symptoms like hallucinations, delusions and disorders of
thought. May be risk to harming self or others. These are usually the focus of clinical
intervention. Treated w antipsychotics.
major determinants of disability is -ve symptoms
chronic schizophrenia
most likely negative. respond poorly to antipsychotic medications as they can make
negative symptoms worse because they are blocking serotonin and dopamine
receptors.
Depression aetiology
Biopsychosocial model of causation
Aetiology of depression - sexual differences
, Sexual differences, as women are more than twice as likely to develop depression as
men. A different immune response to stress and in turn the initiation of depression are
likely to be important, hormonal and genetic and social and psychosocial factors.
Aetiology of depression - brain chemistry
altered brain chemistry - decrease in serotonin? MOAI
- the HPA (hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal axis) axis - influences hormone systems
and circadian rhythm due to cortisol and thyroid hormones
Psychological causes of depression
Psycho dynamic - loss as a child which can result in a disorted self image - repressed
feelings about childhood - anger and self worth
Psychological causes of depression 2
INterpersonal - development of depressive way due to -ve relationships and lack of +ve
reinforcement
What is gene-environment interaction responsible for depression?
Genes/ genetic pattern interacting with prenatal stresses eg. Mother has an infectious
disease, uses drugs, has nutritional deficiencies or undergoes stress during pregnancy
AND/OR postnatal environment factors eg. Childhood maltreatment, poor living
conditions and family conflict.
These produce changes in the brain due to brain plasticity that increases vulnerability to
disorders.
Social causes of depression
vulnerability - loss of family or societal changes
Causes of perinatal depression:
