BNKN602 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
cardiovascular disease
Condition that affects structure and function of heart and blood vessels
Examples of cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Coronary heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Heart failure
Rheumatic heart disease
Congenital heart disease
Rheumatic fever
Autoimmune disease
Untreated Group A Streptococcus
Untreated = rheumatic heart disease
Damages heart , valves may be replaced
Tx IM penicillin monthly for 10 years
Two umbrellas of coronary artery disease
1) chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD)
2) Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
IHD pathophysiology
, Atherosclerosis
Ischaemia occurs with insufficient blood flow & blood volume to supply oxygen to
myocardium
Angina
Symptom of reversible myocardial ischaemia
Stable lesion/plague in coronary artery
Pathophysiology of IHD
O2 demand > supply
Risk of heart muscle damage/necrosis
Damaged muscle behaves in effectively
Risk of arrhythmia
May lead to cardiac arrest
Pathophysiology of ACS
Plaque rupture and thrombus formation
Clinical symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischaemia
Angina pectoris, STEMI and NSTEMI
Precipitants of angina/ACS
Exercise/exertion
+HR +CO +myocardial o2 demand
Precipitants of angina/ACS
Emotions/stress
+HR +CO +myocardial o2 demand
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
cardiovascular disease
Condition that affects structure and function of heart and blood vessels
Examples of cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Coronary heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Heart failure
Rheumatic heart disease
Congenital heart disease
Rheumatic fever
Autoimmune disease
Untreated Group A Streptococcus
Untreated = rheumatic heart disease
Damages heart , valves may be replaced
Tx IM penicillin monthly for 10 years
Two umbrellas of coronary artery disease
1) chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD)
2) Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
IHD pathophysiology
, Atherosclerosis
Ischaemia occurs with insufficient blood flow & blood volume to supply oxygen to
myocardium
Angina
Symptom of reversible myocardial ischaemia
Stable lesion/plague in coronary artery
Pathophysiology of IHD
O2 demand > supply
Risk of heart muscle damage/necrosis
Damaged muscle behaves in effectively
Risk of arrhythmia
May lead to cardiac arrest
Pathophysiology of ACS
Plaque rupture and thrombus formation
Clinical symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischaemia
Angina pectoris, STEMI and NSTEMI
Precipitants of angina/ACS
Exercise/exertion
+HR +CO +myocardial o2 demand
Precipitants of angina/ACS
Emotions/stress
+HR +CO +myocardial o2 demand
