BNKN602 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
5 signs of respiratory distress
DiapHRaGM
Diaphoresis
Hypoxia
respiratory Rate
Gasping
accessory Muscles used.
Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of cells
Hypoxemia
decreased level of oxygen in the blood.
Pao <80mmHg (<60mmHg)
Hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
>45mmHg
Hypocapnia
insufficient carbon dioxide
paCO2 <35mmHg
,clinical observation for Respritory. Respiratory rate.
Tachypnoena/bradyponea
Orthopnea
Dyspnoea
Rhythm and depth.
Clinical observation for Respritory. breath sounds
wheeze
crackles
strider
reduced air entry
cough
clinical observation for respiratory. accessory muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Trapezius
Pectoralis major/minor
abdominals
clinical observation for Respritory. positioning
Upright
Tripod
Chest symmetry
Clinical observation for Respritory. sputum
,colour.
odor
haemoptysis
Neurological changes in respritory distress
Anxiety
agitation
confusion
drowsiness
pain.
ventilation problems (air in and out)
Inflammation of bronchial walls.
Exudate in lower walls.
Exudate in alveoli.
Perfusion problems (Blood to lungs and body)
Partial or complete obstruction to pulmonary artery.
Ineffective functioning alveoli (from exudate or oedema)
Emphysema
the loss of elasticity in the tissues of the lungs, allows the alveoli to expand, but reduced
recoil in expiration. Results in CO2 being trapped, this means C02 can not diffuse
readily from pulmonary capillaries. Surface area is also reduced.
COPD interventions for breathing
Positioning - Ensure upright for optimal air entry.
Encourage pursed lip breathing. - to facilitate exhalation of C02
, Administer medication as prescribed. - bronchodilators, for relaxation of smooth
muscle, - Corticosteroids, to reduce inflammation. - Oxygen, to reverse hypoxemia
How is 02 potentially harmful
giving too much O2 (hyperoxia) fools the arteries into thinking that everything is all okay
so they perfuse everywhere rather than concentrating on the few airways with good
gaseous exchange surface areas thus worsening hypoxia.
Oxygen (O2) Medical Gas
Treatment of hypoxaemia by increasing alveolar oxygen tension. The aim is achieve a
normal or near-normal oxygen saturation for an individual patient.
Monitor: SpO2, RR, PaO2 (ABG), colour
Salbutamol short-acting β2 adrenergic agonist (SABA)
•Bronchodilator – relief of symptoms during maintenance treatment of asthma and
COPD; prevention or treatment of exercise/allergen induced bronchospasm.
Monito: Peak flow measurements before and after administration can help determine
effectiveness
Salbutamol adverse effects
•Tachycardia, headache, nervous tension, fine hand tremor, hypotension
•Hyper/hypokalaemia (which may cause weakness, fatigue, tremors, muscle spasm)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
Normal rate is 90.
kidney failure
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
5 signs of respiratory distress
DiapHRaGM
Diaphoresis
Hypoxia
respiratory Rate
Gasping
accessory Muscles used.
Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of cells
Hypoxemia
decreased level of oxygen in the blood.
Pao <80mmHg (<60mmHg)
Hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
>45mmHg
Hypocapnia
insufficient carbon dioxide
paCO2 <35mmHg
,clinical observation for Respritory. Respiratory rate.
Tachypnoena/bradyponea
Orthopnea
Dyspnoea
Rhythm and depth.
Clinical observation for Respritory. breath sounds
wheeze
crackles
strider
reduced air entry
cough
clinical observation for respiratory. accessory muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Trapezius
Pectoralis major/minor
abdominals
clinical observation for Respritory. positioning
Upright
Tripod
Chest symmetry
Clinical observation for Respritory. sputum
,colour.
odor
haemoptysis
Neurological changes in respritory distress
Anxiety
agitation
confusion
drowsiness
pain.
ventilation problems (air in and out)
Inflammation of bronchial walls.
Exudate in lower walls.
Exudate in alveoli.
Perfusion problems (Blood to lungs and body)
Partial or complete obstruction to pulmonary artery.
Ineffective functioning alveoli (from exudate or oedema)
Emphysema
the loss of elasticity in the tissues of the lungs, allows the alveoli to expand, but reduced
recoil in expiration. Results in CO2 being trapped, this means C02 can not diffuse
readily from pulmonary capillaries. Surface area is also reduced.
COPD interventions for breathing
Positioning - Ensure upright for optimal air entry.
Encourage pursed lip breathing. - to facilitate exhalation of C02
, Administer medication as prescribed. - bronchodilators, for relaxation of smooth
muscle, - Corticosteroids, to reduce inflammation. - Oxygen, to reverse hypoxemia
How is 02 potentially harmful
giving too much O2 (hyperoxia) fools the arteries into thinking that everything is all okay
so they perfuse everywhere rather than concentrating on the few airways with good
gaseous exchange surface areas thus worsening hypoxia.
Oxygen (O2) Medical Gas
Treatment of hypoxaemia by increasing alveolar oxygen tension. The aim is achieve a
normal or near-normal oxygen saturation for an individual patient.
Monitor: SpO2, RR, PaO2 (ABG), colour
Salbutamol short-acting β2 adrenergic agonist (SABA)
•Bronchodilator – relief of symptoms during maintenance treatment of asthma and
COPD; prevention or treatment of exercise/allergen induced bronchospasm.
Monito: Peak flow measurements before and after administration can help determine
effectiveness
Salbutamol adverse effects
•Tachycardia, headache, nervous tension, fine hand tremor, hypotension
•Hyper/hypokalaemia (which may cause weakness, fatigue, tremors, muscle spasm)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
Normal rate is 90.
kidney failure
