BNKN602 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
COPD pathophysiology
1. Microorganism inhaled causing abnormal inflammatory response
2. Chronic inflammation causes destruction of cilia and damaged to parenchyma of the
lung
3. Cytokines are released causing irritation and inflammation of the bronchial walls
4. Protein rich fluid leaks from capillaries into alveoli causing hypertrophy of mucus
glands resulting in increased mucus production and viscosity
5. Small airways collapse causing gas trapping, smooth muscle thickens causing
bronchoconstriction
6. Airway elasticity decreases
7. Smaller alveoli sacs merge to become larger inelastic ones resulting in reduced
surface area and impairing gas exchange
8. Alveoli become solid due to fluid
9. Expiration becomes difficult due to loss of elastic recoil of alveoli
10. Ventilation/ perfusion imbalance occurs
Atherosclerosis pathophysiology
1. Irritant present in blood e.g. lipids (LDL cholesterol), toxins (smoking), hypertension
2. Irritant causes damage to endothelium
3. Cholesterol deposits into damaged endothelium causing fatty streak
4. LDL oxidises and send signal to immune system and monocytes arrive
, 5. Monocytes convert into macrophages which consume the cholesterol
6. Macrophages fill up on cholesterol and die and turn into foam cells which release
cytokines triggering inflammatory response
7. Smooth muscle cells migrate into fatty plaque and form fibrous cap, also deposit
calcium which hardens
8. Blood flow is decreased and compliance is reduced
Where does CSF circulate and what does it carry
Circulates in the subarachnoid space within the meninges and carries glucose
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
Pressure required to deliver adequate oxygen and glucose
Monro-Kellie Doctrine
Theory describing the compensatory mechanism of the cranial contents to maintain
CPP. If one volume is increased, it must be countered by a decrease in one of the other
components in order to maintain normal ICP. Brain tissue cannot be reduced
Main elements generating intracranial pressure (ICP)
Brain tissue, blood volume and CSF
What occurs if brain becomes decompensated and can't make room for additional
mass (e.g. tumor, bleed) - if no intervention
Pressure inside skull increases and brain swells, skull is rigid therefore brain is pushed
through opening of the bottom of the skull, patients brain becomes compressed against
spinal cord causing irreversible damage to brainstem = death
Structures contained within the brain stem
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
COPD pathophysiology
1. Microorganism inhaled causing abnormal inflammatory response
2. Chronic inflammation causes destruction of cilia and damaged to parenchyma of the
lung
3. Cytokines are released causing irritation and inflammation of the bronchial walls
4. Protein rich fluid leaks from capillaries into alveoli causing hypertrophy of mucus
glands resulting in increased mucus production and viscosity
5. Small airways collapse causing gas trapping, smooth muscle thickens causing
bronchoconstriction
6. Airway elasticity decreases
7. Smaller alveoli sacs merge to become larger inelastic ones resulting in reduced
surface area and impairing gas exchange
8. Alveoli become solid due to fluid
9. Expiration becomes difficult due to loss of elastic recoil of alveoli
10. Ventilation/ perfusion imbalance occurs
Atherosclerosis pathophysiology
1. Irritant present in blood e.g. lipids (LDL cholesterol), toxins (smoking), hypertension
2. Irritant causes damage to endothelium
3. Cholesterol deposits into damaged endothelium causing fatty streak
4. LDL oxidises and send signal to immune system and monocytes arrive
, 5. Monocytes convert into macrophages which consume the cholesterol
6. Macrophages fill up on cholesterol and die and turn into foam cells which release
cytokines triggering inflammatory response
7. Smooth muscle cells migrate into fatty plaque and form fibrous cap, also deposit
calcium which hardens
8. Blood flow is decreased and compliance is reduced
Where does CSF circulate and what does it carry
Circulates in the subarachnoid space within the meninges and carries glucose
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
Pressure required to deliver adequate oxygen and glucose
Monro-Kellie Doctrine
Theory describing the compensatory mechanism of the cranial contents to maintain
CPP. If one volume is increased, it must be countered by a decrease in one of the other
components in order to maintain normal ICP. Brain tissue cannot be reduced
Main elements generating intracranial pressure (ICP)
Brain tissue, blood volume and CSF
What occurs if brain becomes decompensated and can't make room for additional
mass (e.g. tumor, bleed) - if no intervention
Pressure inside skull increases and brain swells, skull is rigid therefore brain is pushed
through opening of the bottom of the skull, patients brain becomes compressed against
spinal cord causing irreversible damage to brainstem = death
Structures contained within the brain stem
