BNKN602 PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Pneumonia patho
•1) Infectious microorganism reaches alveoli
•2) inflammatory response occurs
•3) Neutrophils engulf alveoli producing fibrin-rich exudate
•4) Exudate fills infected and neighboring alveoli
•5) Exudate causes alveoli to stick together, reducing ventilation
•6) Oedema increases diffusion distance for gases, impairing gas exchange
Tuberculosis (TB) patho
1) Mycobacteria inhaled, transmitted to alveoli
2) Mycobacteria also enter lymph system travelling to kidney, bones and cerebral cortex
3) Inflammatory response stimulated
4) Phagocytes (neutrophils/macrophages) engulf bacteria
5) TB specific lymphocytes destroy bacteria and normal tissue
6) Exudate accumulates in alveoli causing bronchopneumonia
7) Live & dead bacilli form granulomas and form fibrous tissue mass (ghon
tubercle)
8) Ghon tubercle becomes necrotic forming cheesy mass - calcifies or forms
scar = disease dormant
, 9) If cheesy mass released into alveoli, bacteria becomes airborne on expiration and
spreads
Influenza patho
•1) Virus enters respiratory tract, attaching to epithelial cells
•2) Enters host cell and uses host DNA to replicate disease
•3) New viral spores released from host cell
•4) Damage to epithelial cell wall causes oedema and possible cell death
•6) Necrotic cells may undergo phagocytosis, recruiting neutrophills
•7) Results in alveolar wall oedema causing ineffective gas exchange
Chronic bronchitis patho
•1) Microorganism inhaled into respiratory tract
•2) Widespread inflammation causes increased goblet cells
•3) Leukocytes and lymphocytes infiltrate bronchial walls
•4) Thin mucous lining of bronchi swells with inflammation
•5) Fluid leaks and initiates coughing response to clear secretions
•6) Alveolar fluid increases impairing gas exchange
•7) Airways narrow and ventilation decreases as secretions thicken
•8) Mucus in airways increases resistance in smaller airways
•9) Results in severe V/Q mismatch
Asthma patho
•1) Allergen (trigger) such as pollen, exercise, smoke, dust enters respiratory tract
•2) Dendritic cells in epithelial layer engulf pathogen, stimulating immune response
•3) Mast cells in bronchial smooth muscle activated and chemical mediators released
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Pneumonia patho
•1) Infectious microorganism reaches alveoli
•2) inflammatory response occurs
•3) Neutrophils engulf alveoli producing fibrin-rich exudate
•4) Exudate fills infected and neighboring alveoli
•5) Exudate causes alveoli to stick together, reducing ventilation
•6) Oedema increases diffusion distance for gases, impairing gas exchange
Tuberculosis (TB) patho
1) Mycobacteria inhaled, transmitted to alveoli
2) Mycobacteria also enter lymph system travelling to kidney, bones and cerebral cortex
3) Inflammatory response stimulated
4) Phagocytes (neutrophils/macrophages) engulf bacteria
5) TB specific lymphocytes destroy bacteria and normal tissue
6) Exudate accumulates in alveoli causing bronchopneumonia
7) Live & dead bacilli form granulomas and form fibrous tissue mass (ghon
tubercle)
8) Ghon tubercle becomes necrotic forming cheesy mass - calcifies or forms
scar = disease dormant
, 9) If cheesy mass released into alveoli, bacteria becomes airborne on expiration and
spreads
Influenza patho
•1) Virus enters respiratory tract, attaching to epithelial cells
•2) Enters host cell and uses host DNA to replicate disease
•3) New viral spores released from host cell
•4) Damage to epithelial cell wall causes oedema and possible cell death
•6) Necrotic cells may undergo phagocytosis, recruiting neutrophills
•7) Results in alveolar wall oedema causing ineffective gas exchange
Chronic bronchitis patho
•1) Microorganism inhaled into respiratory tract
•2) Widespread inflammation causes increased goblet cells
•3) Leukocytes and lymphocytes infiltrate bronchial walls
•4) Thin mucous lining of bronchi swells with inflammation
•5) Fluid leaks and initiates coughing response to clear secretions
•6) Alveolar fluid increases impairing gas exchange
•7) Airways narrow and ventilation decreases as secretions thicken
•8) Mucus in airways increases resistance in smaller airways
•9) Results in severe V/Q mismatch
Asthma patho
•1) Allergen (trigger) such as pollen, exercise, smoke, dust enters respiratory tract
•2) Dendritic cells in epithelial layer engulf pathogen, stimulating immune response
•3) Mast cells in bronchial smooth muscle activated and chemical mediators released
