BNKN602 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Mechanisms the heart uses to compensate for reduced blood flow
increase HR to pump blood faster, ventricles stretch to increase blood flow, fluid
retention by increasing BP
Functions of the kidneys
regulate BP, remove waste/toxic products, fluid/electrolyte balance, pH balance, fluid
balance, erythropoietin, synthesise vit D
Acute kidney injury
when the kidneys suddenly fail to remove the bodys metabolic waste causing toxic
waste build up, GFR decreases and fluid imbalance occurs. Occurs rapidly but is
treatable. Caused by stress on kidneys, medications like NSAIDS, damage to renal
tissue, severe vomiting, low CO/BP and obstruction
Acute kidney injury signs and symptoms
low urine output, fluid in peripheries, fatigue, pain in abdomen
Oliguria
poor urine output. 100 - 400ml/day early warning sign, anuria - <100 ml/day, absolute
anuria - nil urine output. 2 hours of this can cause AKI
Phases of kidney injury
initiating (hours-days), oliguric (10-14 days), diuretic, recovery
End stage kidney disease
, GFR < 15 ml/min, requires dialysis/transplant
Dialysis types
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Sinus rythm
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
absence of P waves as the ventricles have taken over - needs defib
Ventricular fibrilation
rapid disorganised contraction of the ventricles - needs defib
Asystole
no electrical activity
Atrial fibrilation
disorganised electrical rhythm
Angina
obstruction causes decreased blood flow → O2 needs not met → anaerobic respiration
produces lactic acid → releases histamines → pain
Myocardial infarction
myocardial tissue dies causing carcinogenic shock, heart faliure or vetricular firbrilation.
Caused by iscahmia or sudden blockage of coronary artery
Myocardial infarction signs and symptoms
arrythmia
Myocardial infarction pathophysiology
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Mechanisms the heart uses to compensate for reduced blood flow
increase HR to pump blood faster, ventricles stretch to increase blood flow, fluid
retention by increasing BP
Functions of the kidneys
regulate BP, remove waste/toxic products, fluid/electrolyte balance, pH balance, fluid
balance, erythropoietin, synthesise vit D
Acute kidney injury
when the kidneys suddenly fail to remove the bodys metabolic waste causing toxic
waste build up, GFR decreases and fluid imbalance occurs. Occurs rapidly but is
treatable. Caused by stress on kidneys, medications like NSAIDS, damage to renal
tissue, severe vomiting, low CO/BP and obstruction
Acute kidney injury signs and symptoms
low urine output, fluid in peripheries, fatigue, pain in abdomen
Oliguria
poor urine output. 100 - 400ml/day early warning sign, anuria - <100 ml/day, absolute
anuria - nil urine output. 2 hours of this can cause AKI
Phases of kidney injury
initiating (hours-days), oliguric (10-14 days), diuretic, recovery
End stage kidney disease
, GFR < 15 ml/min, requires dialysis/transplant
Dialysis types
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Sinus rythm
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
absence of P waves as the ventricles have taken over - needs defib
Ventricular fibrilation
rapid disorganised contraction of the ventricles - needs defib
Asystole
no electrical activity
Atrial fibrilation
disorganised electrical rhythm
Angina
obstruction causes decreased blood flow → O2 needs not met → anaerobic respiration
produces lactic acid → releases histamines → pain
Myocardial infarction
myocardial tissue dies causing carcinogenic shock, heart faliure or vetricular firbrilation.
Caused by iscahmia or sudden blockage of coronary artery
Myocardial infarction signs and symptoms
arrythmia
Myocardial infarction pathophysiology
