BNKN602 CARDIAC/RENAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Ventricular Tachycardia
Absence of P waves. QRS complex is wide and fast
Ventricular Fibrillation
rapid disorganised contraction of the ventricles
Two key points in relation to identifying Atrial Fibrillation
•Atrial Fibrillation (AF) - completely disorganised atrial electrical activity
•Impulses arise from the SA node and other sites in the atria
•Conduction through the AV node is irregular and usually fast
•There are no P waves and it is irregular•Instead of a P wave - it has uneven fibrillatory
lines (F waves) before the QRS complex
What are the two categories of cardiovascular disease prevention?
Modifiable (Being overweight or obese, Smoking)
Non- Modifiable (Having a family history of early heart disease, Having a history of
preeclampsia during pregnancy, Age)
Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that results from a Group A Streptococcus.
If untreated, it may develop into rheumatic heart disease and go onto damage the heart
→ valve/s may need to be replaced
Rheumatic Fever signs and symptoms
,Fever; painful, tender, red or hot joints; fatigue; dyspnea; painless, ragged rash; and
jerky body movements (St. Vitus dance), symptoms of heart failure (SOB, chest pain,
fast HR), nodules under the skin.
Rheumatic fever assessments
muscloskeletal assessment for assess for pain in joints
peripheral vasucular assessment to observe for signs of oedema
Airway patentency due to potential pulmonary on from potential HF
Echocardiography
A non-invasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac
structures and calculate ejection fraction
Intermittent claudication
A severe pain in the calf muscles that occurs during walking but subsides with rest
ACE inhibitors: Do what
Promote vasodilation and diuresis, decreasing the workload of the heart
Beta-blockers: do what
Slow the HR, lower the BP and reduce the force of contraction
Diuretics: Do what
Increase sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
Rheumantic Fever interventions
admisiter analgesia and antiimflammatory medication to help with pain and inflammation
of joints
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
angina, myocardial infarction
, Angina
•Angina is the symptom of reversible myocardial ischaemia
•It occurs due to a stable lesion / plaque in the coronary artery
Myocardial Infarction
•Results from sustained ischaemia or sudden complete blockage of the coronary artery
•Myocardial tissue distal to the obstruction dies
•Can be partial thickness (NSTEMI) or full thickness (transmural) (STEMI)
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
•Group of clinical symptoms that are consistent with acute myocardial ischaemia.
Unless interventions are applied promptly ACS can result in myocardial death
What is the underlying pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
•ACS is the term for an imbalance of O2 supply & demand. The underlying
pathophysiology is atherosclerosis which can lead to plaque rupture and thrombus
formation - Same as IHD
Example of ACE inhibitor
cilazapril
Example of Beta Blocker
metroprolol
Example of Diuretic
furosemide
Define STEMI
ST elevation myocardial infarction
Define NSTEMI
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Ventricular Tachycardia
Absence of P waves. QRS complex is wide and fast
Ventricular Fibrillation
rapid disorganised contraction of the ventricles
Two key points in relation to identifying Atrial Fibrillation
•Atrial Fibrillation (AF) - completely disorganised atrial electrical activity
•Impulses arise from the SA node and other sites in the atria
•Conduction through the AV node is irregular and usually fast
•There are no P waves and it is irregular•Instead of a P wave - it has uneven fibrillatory
lines (F waves) before the QRS complex
What are the two categories of cardiovascular disease prevention?
Modifiable (Being overweight or obese, Smoking)
Non- Modifiable (Having a family history of early heart disease, Having a history of
preeclampsia during pregnancy, Age)
Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that results from a Group A Streptococcus.
If untreated, it may develop into rheumatic heart disease and go onto damage the heart
→ valve/s may need to be replaced
Rheumatic Fever signs and symptoms
,Fever; painful, tender, red or hot joints; fatigue; dyspnea; painless, ragged rash; and
jerky body movements (St. Vitus dance), symptoms of heart failure (SOB, chest pain,
fast HR), nodules under the skin.
Rheumatic fever assessments
muscloskeletal assessment for assess for pain in joints
peripheral vasucular assessment to observe for signs of oedema
Airway patentency due to potential pulmonary on from potential HF
Echocardiography
A non-invasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac
structures and calculate ejection fraction
Intermittent claudication
A severe pain in the calf muscles that occurs during walking but subsides with rest
ACE inhibitors: Do what
Promote vasodilation and diuresis, decreasing the workload of the heart
Beta-blockers: do what
Slow the HR, lower the BP and reduce the force of contraction
Diuretics: Do what
Increase sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
Rheumantic Fever interventions
admisiter analgesia and antiimflammatory medication to help with pain and inflammation
of joints
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
angina, myocardial infarction
, Angina
•Angina is the symptom of reversible myocardial ischaemia
•It occurs due to a stable lesion / plaque in the coronary artery
Myocardial Infarction
•Results from sustained ischaemia or sudden complete blockage of the coronary artery
•Myocardial tissue distal to the obstruction dies
•Can be partial thickness (NSTEMI) or full thickness (transmural) (STEMI)
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
•Group of clinical symptoms that are consistent with acute myocardial ischaemia.
Unless interventions are applied promptly ACS can result in myocardial death
What is the underlying pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
•ACS is the term for an imbalance of O2 supply & demand. The underlying
pathophysiology is atherosclerosis which can lead to plaque rupture and thrombus
formation - Same as IHD
Example of ACE inhibitor
cilazapril
Example of Beta Blocker
metroprolol
Example of Diuretic
furosemide
Define STEMI
ST elevation myocardial infarction
Define NSTEMI
