Sociology 100 Final Exam
Deviance - answersa behavior violating the norms of standards of a group, society, or
one's peers
social constructionism of deviance - answerseach society or culture creates rules of
behavior by which its members are governed and of necessity controlled
Anomie Strain - answersdeveloped by ROBERT MERTON, a theoretical approach to
understanding deviance that states that society encourages deviance by emphasizing
the importance of cultural goals, ex. conformity: college student, innovation: drug dealer,
ritualism: business men, retreatism: hippies, rebellion: Malcom X (are legitimate means
of reaching goals equally available? no, so some groups will use illegitimate means to
reach them)
Conflict Theory - answerstheoretical approach to understanding deviance that states
when social control mechanisms are absent, individuals slide into deviance
Social Bonds Theory - answerstheoretical approach to understanding deviance that
states that those with stronger bonds are more likely to resist temptation (4 bonds:
attachment, commitment, involvement, shared belief)
Labeling Theory - answerstheoretical approach to understanding deviance that states
that any act becomes deviant only when labeled deviant by others
stratification - answersthe structure of social inequality in a society (ex. the distribution
of wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social statuses)
How Americans view stratification - answersUnderestimated inequality, inequality has
increased in the last 30 years
traditional class system - answersascribed social statuses (caste system)
modern class system - answersachieved social statuses (class system)
Trends in wealth/income inequality - answershuge inequality in income, but even more
in wealth, the rate of growth has changed
, Marx - answersWhich sociologist(s) believed that there were two classes: proletariat
and bourgeoisie?
Wright - answersWhich sociologist(s) believed that there were four classes: capitalists,
petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers?
Gilbert and Kahl - answersWhich sociologist(s) believed that there were six classes:
capitalist class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and
underclass?
horizontal mobility - answersindividuals change roles but experience no change in social
standing
vertical mobility - answerssignificant increase of decrease in social standing
intergenerational mobility - answerschildren's mobility in relation to their parents
intragenerational mobility - answersmobility that changes over a lifetime
structural mobility - answersmobility resulting from a change in the occupations
structure of stratification system, rather than individual achievement
the social construction of race - answersdifferent individuals have power to SHAPE how
society sees race
social race - answersa category of people who are perceived to belong to the same
group based on visible characteristics
ethnic group - answersa category of people defined on the basis of their cultural
characteristics and common heritage
minority group - answersa subordinate group that occupies an inferior position of
prestige, wealth and power
prejudice - answersnegative attitudes, beliefs, or feelings towards members of another
group simply because they are a member of that group
racism - answersan ideology/rational used to justify prejudice and discrimination toward
members of another race based on a belief they are inherently inferior
discrimination - answersthe unfavorable treatment of people denying them opportunities
or rights because of their group membership
attitudinal discrimination - answersdiscrimination that stems from prejudicial attitudes,
human behaviors with the INTENT to discriminate
Deviance - answersa behavior violating the norms of standards of a group, society, or
one's peers
social constructionism of deviance - answerseach society or culture creates rules of
behavior by which its members are governed and of necessity controlled
Anomie Strain - answersdeveloped by ROBERT MERTON, a theoretical approach to
understanding deviance that states that society encourages deviance by emphasizing
the importance of cultural goals, ex. conformity: college student, innovation: drug dealer,
ritualism: business men, retreatism: hippies, rebellion: Malcom X (are legitimate means
of reaching goals equally available? no, so some groups will use illegitimate means to
reach them)
Conflict Theory - answerstheoretical approach to understanding deviance that states
when social control mechanisms are absent, individuals slide into deviance
Social Bonds Theory - answerstheoretical approach to understanding deviance that
states that those with stronger bonds are more likely to resist temptation (4 bonds:
attachment, commitment, involvement, shared belief)
Labeling Theory - answerstheoretical approach to understanding deviance that states
that any act becomes deviant only when labeled deviant by others
stratification - answersthe structure of social inequality in a society (ex. the distribution
of wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social statuses)
How Americans view stratification - answersUnderestimated inequality, inequality has
increased in the last 30 years
traditional class system - answersascribed social statuses (caste system)
modern class system - answersachieved social statuses (class system)
Trends in wealth/income inequality - answershuge inequality in income, but even more
in wealth, the rate of growth has changed
, Marx - answersWhich sociologist(s) believed that there were two classes: proletariat
and bourgeoisie?
Wright - answersWhich sociologist(s) believed that there were four classes: capitalists,
petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers?
Gilbert and Kahl - answersWhich sociologist(s) believed that there were six classes:
capitalist class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and
underclass?
horizontal mobility - answersindividuals change roles but experience no change in social
standing
vertical mobility - answerssignificant increase of decrease in social standing
intergenerational mobility - answerschildren's mobility in relation to their parents
intragenerational mobility - answersmobility that changes over a lifetime
structural mobility - answersmobility resulting from a change in the occupations
structure of stratification system, rather than individual achievement
the social construction of race - answersdifferent individuals have power to SHAPE how
society sees race
social race - answersa category of people who are perceived to belong to the same
group based on visible characteristics
ethnic group - answersa category of people defined on the basis of their cultural
characteristics and common heritage
minority group - answersa subordinate group that occupies an inferior position of
prestige, wealth and power
prejudice - answersnegative attitudes, beliefs, or feelings towards members of another
group simply because they are a member of that group
racism - answersan ideology/rational used to justify prejudice and discrimination toward
members of another race based on a belief they are inherently inferior
discrimination - answersthe unfavorable treatment of people denying them opportunities
or rights because of their group membership
attitudinal discrimination - answersdiscrimination that stems from prejudicial attitudes,
human behaviors with the INTENT to discriminate
