Sociology Final Exam
‘
Sociological Perspective - answersunderstanding human behavior by placing it within its
broader social context
Cultural Relativism - answersnot judging a culture by trying to understand it on its own
terms. It is a counter to ethnocentrism
Positive Sanction - answersa reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging
from a smile to a material reward
Moral Holidays - answersspecified times when people are allowed to break the norms
(or locations)
Karl Marx - answersEconomic based thinker who believed that the root of all human
misery was do to class conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and proletariat
(exploited class)
Emile Durkheim - answersStudied suicide and social integration, as well as the division
of labor
Max Weber - answersBelieved capitalism comes from religion, research should be
objective, and Calvinist work ethic
Auguste Comte - answers"The purpose of studying sociology was to practice it on
society not to do nothing" created positivism which was the application of the scientific
approach to the social world
Jane Adams - answersmajor contributor to social reform and child labor laws and
received the Nobel Prize for Peace for founding the Hull-House
Herbert Spencer - answersEnglish philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory
of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) "Survial of the fittest"
Symbolic Interactionist - answersApproach that focuses on the interactions among
people based on mutually understood symbols
Functionalist - answersA sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the
parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
, Conflict Theorist - answersa theorist who assumes that society is based on class
conflict and that laws tend to reflect the interests of the powerful
Culture - answersthe language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material
objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. It
helps us learn the symbols of the world and is a screen through which we see
Material and Non-Material - answersThe material objects that distinguish a group and
the group's way of thinking that is a perception of realty that is learned from the behavior
of the culture
Values - answersthe standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable,
good or bad, beautiful or ugly
Moral Imperative - answers"Distinguished by Kant from a hypothetical imperative, which
holds conditionally (e.g., ""If you desire health, then eat well!""), a moral imperative
holds unconditionally (e.g., ""Do your duty!"")",
Ethnocentrism - answersthe use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways
of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their
values, norms, and behaviors
Culture Shock - answersthe disorientation that people experience when they come in
contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-
for-granted assumptions about life
More - answersnorms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to
core values or the well-being of the group
Norm - answersExpectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce behavior
"how we do the value"
Taboo - answersa norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion, if
violated
Folkway - answersnorms that are not strictly enforced
Value Cluster - answersvalues that together form a large whole. An emerging value
cluster is leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, and youthfulness
Real Value - answersthe norms and values that people actually follow
Value Contradiction - answersvalues that contradict one another; to follow the one
means to come into conflict with the other
‘
Sociological Perspective - answersunderstanding human behavior by placing it within its
broader social context
Cultural Relativism - answersnot judging a culture by trying to understand it on its own
terms. It is a counter to ethnocentrism
Positive Sanction - answersa reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging
from a smile to a material reward
Moral Holidays - answersspecified times when people are allowed to break the norms
(or locations)
Karl Marx - answersEconomic based thinker who believed that the root of all human
misery was do to class conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and proletariat
(exploited class)
Emile Durkheim - answersStudied suicide and social integration, as well as the division
of labor
Max Weber - answersBelieved capitalism comes from religion, research should be
objective, and Calvinist work ethic
Auguste Comte - answers"The purpose of studying sociology was to practice it on
society not to do nothing" created positivism which was the application of the scientific
approach to the social world
Jane Adams - answersmajor contributor to social reform and child labor laws and
received the Nobel Prize for Peace for founding the Hull-House
Herbert Spencer - answersEnglish philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory
of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) "Survial of the fittest"
Symbolic Interactionist - answersApproach that focuses on the interactions among
people based on mutually understood symbols
Functionalist - answersA sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the
parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
, Conflict Theorist - answersa theorist who assumes that society is based on class
conflict and that laws tend to reflect the interests of the powerful
Culture - answersthe language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material
objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. It
helps us learn the symbols of the world and is a screen through which we see
Material and Non-Material - answersThe material objects that distinguish a group and
the group's way of thinking that is a perception of realty that is learned from the behavior
of the culture
Values - answersthe standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable,
good or bad, beautiful or ugly
Moral Imperative - answers"Distinguished by Kant from a hypothetical imperative, which
holds conditionally (e.g., ""If you desire health, then eat well!""), a moral imperative
holds unconditionally (e.g., ""Do your duty!"")",
Ethnocentrism - answersthe use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways
of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their
values, norms, and behaviors
Culture Shock - answersthe disorientation that people experience when they come in
contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-
for-granted assumptions about life
More - answersnorms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to
core values or the well-being of the group
Norm - answersExpectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce behavior
"how we do the value"
Taboo - answersa norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion, if
violated
Folkway - answersnorms that are not strictly enforced
Value Cluster - answersvalues that together form a large whole. An emerging value
cluster is leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, and youthfulness
Real Value - answersthe norms and values that people actually follow
Value Contradiction - answersvalues that contradict one another; to follow the one
means to come into conflict with the other
