HARMONISATION AND THE INTERNAL MARKET......................................................... 7
Case law:.............................................................................................................................. 7
C-358/14 Poland v Parl. and Council (Tobacco Advertising)....................................... 7
120/78 Rewe-Zentral AG (Cassis de Dijon)...................................................................8
EU LAW BOOK: CHAPTER 18 - The Single Market.....................................................10
Economic Integration: Forms and Techniques:............................................................10
Single European Act 1986: The Economics and Politics of integration...................... 10
The Economic dimension: the commission’s white paper:.................................... 10
The internal market: legislative reform and the SEA:..................................................12
The internal market: the new legislative approach to marketing of products and
harmonisation:.............................................................................................................. 13
The internal market: Tensions and concerns:............................................................... 14
CHAPTER 14 (barnard) : Regulating the internal market................................................. 16
The power to harmonize:..............................................................................................16
Art. 114 TFEU........................................................................................................16
Choice of legal basis:............................................................................................. 17
The application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality to measures
adopted under art. 114 TFEU................................................................................. 17
Derogations from measures adopted under Art. 114 (1) TFEU............................. 17
Non - legislative acts.............................................................................................. 17
Different approaches to harmonization........................................................................ 18
Mutual recognition................................................................................................. 18
Exhaustive harmonization:..................................................................................... 18
Optional harmonization..........................................................................................19
Minimum harmonization........................................................................................19
The new approach to technical harmonization and standardization.......................19
New governance approaches.................................................................................. 20
Enhanced cooperation............................................................................................ 23
CHAPTER 12 (barnard) : Derogations and justifications..................................................23
Public policy, public security and public health...........................................................23
Public policy and public security........................................................................... 24
Public health................................................................................................................. 27
Public health and the individual............................................................................. 27
Public health and welfare policies..........................................................................27
Procedural requirements...............................................................................................27
General provision................................................................................................... 27
Remedies................................................................................................................ 27
Assessment............................................................................................................. 28
Public service exception...............................................................................................28
1
, Art. 45 (4) TFEU: employment in the public service............................................ 28
The exercise of official authority........................................................................... 29
Public interest justifications......................................................................................... 29
The justifications recognized by the court............................................................. 30
Proportionality..............................................................................................................30
Suitability and necessity.........................................................................................30
LECTURE 1 Harmonisation and the internal market........................................................ 30
FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS........................................................................................... 33
Case law............................................................................................................................. 33
C-237/82 Jongeneel Kaas............................................................................................ 33
C-275/92 Schindler (esp. paras 15 – 37)..................................................................... 34
170/78 Commission v UK (Beer and Wine)................................................................. 35
C-171/11 Fra.bo SpA....................................................................................................36
C-34-36/95 Joined Cases C-34/95, C-35/95, and C-36/95 Konsumentombudsmannen
(KO) v De Agostini and TV-Shop................................................................................. 38
C-142/05 Mickelsson and Roos (Jet skis).................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 2 (barnard) : Fiscal measures: Customs duties and internal Taxation.............41
Art. 30 TFEU Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect...........................41
Charges having equivalent effect to customs duties...............................................41
Remedies...................................................................................................................... 42
Permissible charges................................................................................................ 42
Art. 110 TFEU: internal taxation..................................................................................43
Member State autonomy to determine its own taxation policies........................... 43
The scope of art. 110 TFEU................................................................................... 44
Goods which are similar art. 110 TFEU.................................................................44
Goods which are in competition art. 110 (2) TFEU...............................................45
CHAPTER 3 (barnard) : non-fiscal measures: Quantitative restrictions and measures
having equivalent effect..................................................................................................... 45
Quantitative restrictions............................................................................................... 45
Measures having equivalent effect............................................................................... 46
What are measures having equivalent effect?........................................................ 46
Distinctly applicable measures.....................................................................................48
Examples of distinctly applicable measures...........................................................48
Defending distinctly applicable measures..............................................................48
Discrimination arising from the treating national and imported goods alike: price
fixing...................................................................................................................... 49
Reverse discrimination........................................................................................... 49
Indistinctly applicable measures.................................................................................. 50
Cassis de Dijon.......................................................................................................50
Product requirement cases......................................................................................50
Art. 35 and indistinctly applicable measures......................................................... 51
2
, The market access approach.........................................................................................51
Commission v. Italy (trailers).................................................................................52
The implications of the trailers case.......................................................................52
Litigation avoidance: directive 2015/1535 on the provision of information in the field
of technical standards and regulations..........................................................................52
CHAPTER 4 (barnard) : Art. 34 TFEU and certain selling arrangements........................53
Market circumstances, rules and art. 34 TFEU............................................................ 53
The initial approach to market circumstances rules............................................... 53
A new way of dealing with the problem................................................................ 54
The Keck-doctrine........................................................................................................54
The decision in Keck....................................................................................................56
The paragraph 16 proviso.......................................................................................58
Problem situations........................................................................................................ 59
Discriminatory certain selling arrangements..........................................................59
Rules preventing or restricting the use of goods.................................................... 59
non- discriminatory selling arrangements preventing or restricting access to the
market.....................................................................................................................60
Future of keck.........................................................................................................61
Unfair commercial practices directive 2005/29........................................................... 61
CHAPTER 5 (barnard) : derogations and justifications.....................................................62
The art. 36 TFEU derogations......................................................................................62
Public morality....................................................................................................... 62
Public policy...........................................................................................................62
Public security........................................................................................................ 63
The protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants............................. 65
The protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological
value....................................................................................................................... 66
The protection of industrial and commercial property...........................................66
The second sentence of art. 36 TFEU: arbitrary discrimination and a disguised
restriction on trade..................................................................................................67
Mandatory requirements.............................................................................................. 67
Examples of mandatory or public interest requirements........................................67
Consumer protection.............................................................................................. 68
Environmental protection....................................................................................... 68
Proportionality..............................................................................................................69
Applying the proportionality test........................................................................... 69
The measures that can be taken by the defendant member state............................70
Proportionality and public health........................................................................... 70
Proceduralization of proportionality...................................................................... 71
Fundamental human rights........................................................................................... 71
Harmonization and trust............................................................................................... 71
3
, Understanding market access: Exploring the economic rationality of different conceptions
of free movement law.........................................................................................................72
Back ground:................................................................................................................ 72
Types of regulatory measures:......................................................................................72
Regulation and market access:..................................................................................... 73
Equal Burden and Selective Measures in the Case Law.............................................. 75
LECTURE: Free movement of Goods.............................................................................. 75
LECTURE 2- Free Movement of Goods........................................................................... 80
Quantitative Restrictions.............................................................................................. 80
Distinctly applicable measures.....................................................................................81
Indistinctly Applicable Measures.................................................................................81
Market Access Restriction........................................................................................... 82
Reverse discrimination................................................................................................. 83
Justifying Restrictions.................................................................................................. 84
Seminar Exercise C - 12.11................................................................................................ 87
FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL........................................................................................ 90
Case Law............................................................................................................................ 90
Scope of Capital........................................................................................................... 90
Case C-222/97 Trummer and Mayer [1999] ECR I-1661..................................... 90
Case C-370/05 Festersen [2007] ECR I-1135....................................................... 92
Joined Cases C-52/16 and C-113/16 (SEGRO and Horváth)................................ 93
Article 65 TFEU - Exceptions and Justification.......................................................... 94
Case C-54/99 Eglise de Scientologie [2000] ECR I-1335..................................... 94
Taxation of dividends................................................................................................... 95
Case C-35/98 Verkooijen........................................................................................95
CHAPTER 15 free movement of capital from the book Barnard and peers......................97
2. The legal framework and its origins.........................................................................97
The evolution of the original rules on capital.........................................................97
Overview of the current provisions:.......................................................................98
3. Material scope.......................................................................................................... 98
Defining capital:..................................................................................................... 98
Relationship with other Treaty freedoms............................................................... 99
4. Personal and geographical scope of capital rules...................................................101
Against whom can the capital rules be invoked?................................................. 101
When can an EU national invoke the capital rules against their own member state?
101
Third countries..................................................................................................... 101
5. Restrictions.............................................................................................................102
Equal treatment and non-discrimination.............................................................. 102
What constitutes as a restriction...........................................................................102
Exceptions and justifications......................................................................................102
4
, Treaty based limitations and exceptions...............................................................102
Justifying restrictions........................................................................................... 104
Free movement of capital: evolution as a non-linear process (Jukka Snell) (a finnish dude
oujee)................................................................................................................................ 107
The development of the freedom................................................................................107
The notion of restrictions........................................................................................... 108
The external dimension.............................................................................................. 109
FREE MOVEMENT OF SERVICES.................................................................................... 110
Case Law.......................................................................................................................... 110
C-33/74 Van Binsbergen....................................................................................... 110
C-65/05 Commission v Greece............................................................................. 111
C-286/82 and C-26/83 Luisi and Carbone........................................................... 113
C-384/93 Alpine Investments................................................................................114
C-352/85 Bond......................................................................................................115
C-263/86 Humbel................................................................................................. 116
C-465/05 Commission v Italy............................................................................... 118
C-490/04 Commission v Germany........................................................................119
CHAPTER 23 :.................................................................................................................120
CHAPTER 8 (barnard) : Freedom for individuals to provide and receive services.........124
Who can rely on art. 56 and 57 TFEU?......................................................................124
Three aspects of the freedom................................................................................124
Performance of a service for remuneration.......................................................... 125
The rights conferred on service providers and receivers............................................125
The rights of departure, entry and residence........................................................ 125
Rights of access to the market in services in other member states.......................126
The exercise of service activity............................................................................ 127
Health care cases........................................................................................................ 128
Kohll and Decker: opening the market.................................................................128
Intramural care..................................................................................................... 129
Extramural care.................................................................................................... 129
CHAPTER 11 (barnard) : Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services.. 129
Freedom to provide and receive services................................................................... 129
The rights conferred on service providers and receivers......................................129
The services directive 2006/123.................................................................................132
Scope.................................................................................................................... 132
Exclusions, limitations and derogations...............................................................133
Chapter 3 establishment....................................................................................... 134
Chapter 4 freedom to provide services.................................................................136
Rights of recipients of services............................................................................ 137
FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT..................................................................................... 137
Case Law.......................................................................................................................... 137
5
, C-55/94 Gebhard........................................................................................................137
C-210/06 Cartesio...................................................................................................... 139
C-212/97 Centros....................................................................................................... 140
C-106/16 Polbud........................................................................................................ 141
C-438/05 Viking Line..................................................................................................142
FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS - WORKERS.............................................................. 147
Legislation and other instruments:
Directive 2004/38 (The Citizenship Directive)
Commission Guidance on the Citizenship Directive (COM(2009) 313 Final)................147
Case law........................................................................................................................... 147
Case 66/85 Lawrie-Blum........................................................................................... 147
C-456/02 Trojani........................................................................................................ 149
C-325/08 Bernard....................................................................................................... 150
C-127/08 Metock........................................................................................................152
C-34/09 Ruiz Zambrano.............................................................................................153
C-85/96 Martinez Sala............................................................................................... 154
C-333/13 Elisabeta Dano........................................................................................... 155
CHAPTER 22 (Craig and de Búrca - EU Law) - Free Movement of Workers................157
Chapter 6 (barnard) : The free movement of persons; key principles..............................159
The development of the rights to free movement.......................................................159
Who benefits from the free movement rules?............................................................ 159
Establishing a breach of the treaty provisions............................................................161
Going beyond the discrimination model.................................................................... 162
Can the treaty provisions be invoked against the defendant?.................................... 163
CHAPTER 7 (barnard) : Free movement of workers and the Self-employed................. 163
The personal scope of the treaty provisions............................................................... 163
The rights conferred on workers................................................................................ 165
The rights enjoyed by the self-employed..................................................................167
Rights of departure, entry and residence........................................................... 167
The right of access to self-employment in the host state................................... 167
The exercise of activities as a self-employed person......................................... 168
Qualifications............................................................................................................ 169
The context.........................................................................................................169
The recognition of professional qualifications directive (RPQ)........................... 170
LECTURE: free movement of persons workers.............................................................. 172
Who is a worker?..............................................................................................................172
Effective and genuine activity.................................................................................... 172
Not effective and genuine activity:............................................................................ 173
Work Seekers?............................................................................................................ 173
Unemployed on entry;................................................................................................ 174
Unemployed following work:.................................................................................... 174
Gig Economy / platform workers:..............................................................................174
6
Case law:.............................................................................................................................. 7
C-358/14 Poland v Parl. and Council (Tobacco Advertising)....................................... 7
120/78 Rewe-Zentral AG (Cassis de Dijon)...................................................................8
EU LAW BOOK: CHAPTER 18 - The Single Market.....................................................10
Economic Integration: Forms and Techniques:............................................................10
Single European Act 1986: The Economics and Politics of integration...................... 10
The Economic dimension: the commission’s white paper:.................................... 10
The internal market: legislative reform and the SEA:..................................................12
The internal market: the new legislative approach to marketing of products and
harmonisation:.............................................................................................................. 13
The internal market: Tensions and concerns:............................................................... 14
CHAPTER 14 (barnard) : Regulating the internal market................................................. 16
The power to harmonize:..............................................................................................16
Art. 114 TFEU........................................................................................................16
Choice of legal basis:............................................................................................. 17
The application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality to measures
adopted under art. 114 TFEU................................................................................. 17
Derogations from measures adopted under Art. 114 (1) TFEU............................. 17
Non - legislative acts.............................................................................................. 17
Different approaches to harmonization........................................................................ 18
Mutual recognition................................................................................................. 18
Exhaustive harmonization:..................................................................................... 18
Optional harmonization..........................................................................................19
Minimum harmonization........................................................................................19
The new approach to technical harmonization and standardization.......................19
New governance approaches.................................................................................. 20
Enhanced cooperation............................................................................................ 23
CHAPTER 12 (barnard) : Derogations and justifications..................................................23
Public policy, public security and public health...........................................................23
Public policy and public security........................................................................... 24
Public health................................................................................................................. 27
Public health and the individual............................................................................. 27
Public health and welfare policies..........................................................................27
Procedural requirements...............................................................................................27
General provision................................................................................................... 27
Remedies................................................................................................................ 27
Assessment............................................................................................................. 28
Public service exception...............................................................................................28
1
, Art. 45 (4) TFEU: employment in the public service............................................ 28
The exercise of official authority........................................................................... 29
Public interest justifications......................................................................................... 29
The justifications recognized by the court............................................................. 30
Proportionality..............................................................................................................30
Suitability and necessity.........................................................................................30
LECTURE 1 Harmonisation and the internal market........................................................ 30
FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS........................................................................................... 33
Case law............................................................................................................................. 33
C-237/82 Jongeneel Kaas............................................................................................ 33
C-275/92 Schindler (esp. paras 15 – 37)..................................................................... 34
170/78 Commission v UK (Beer and Wine)................................................................. 35
C-171/11 Fra.bo SpA....................................................................................................36
C-34-36/95 Joined Cases C-34/95, C-35/95, and C-36/95 Konsumentombudsmannen
(KO) v De Agostini and TV-Shop................................................................................. 38
C-142/05 Mickelsson and Roos (Jet skis).................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 2 (barnard) : Fiscal measures: Customs duties and internal Taxation.............41
Art. 30 TFEU Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect...........................41
Charges having equivalent effect to customs duties...............................................41
Remedies...................................................................................................................... 42
Permissible charges................................................................................................ 42
Art. 110 TFEU: internal taxation..................................................................................43
Member State autonomy to determine its own taxation policies........................... 43
The scope of art. 110 TFEU................................................................................... 44
Goods which are similar art. 110 TFEU.................................................................44
Goods which are in competition art. 110 (2) TFEU...............................................45
CHAPTER 3 (barnard) : non-fiscal measures: Quantitative restrictions and measures
having equivalent effect..................................................................................................... 45
Quantitative restrictions............................................................................................... 45
Measures having equivalent effect............................................................................... 46
What are measures having equivalent effect?........................................................ 46
Distinctly applicable measures.....................................................................................48
Examples of distinctly applicable measures...........................................................48
Defending distinctly applicable measures..............................................................48
Discrimination arising from the treating national and imported goods alike: price
fixing...................................................................................................................... 49
Reverse discrimination........................................................................................... 49
Indistinctly applicable measures.................................................................................. 50
Cassis de Dijon.......................................................................................................50
Product requirement cases......................................................................................50
Art. 35 and indistinctly applicable measures......................................................... 51
2
, The market access approach.........................................................................................51
Commission v. Italy (trailers).................................................................................52
The implications of the trailers case.......................................................................52
Litigation avoidance: directive 2015/1535 on the provision of information in the field
of technical standards and regulations..........................................................................52
CHAPTER 4 (barnard) : Art. 34 TFEU and certain selling arrangements........................53
Market circumstances, rules and art. 34 TFEU............................................................ 53
The initial approach to market circumstances rules............................................... 53
A new way of dealing with the problem................................................................ 54
The Keck-doctrine........................................................................................................54
The decision in Keck....................................................................................................56
The paragraph 16 proviso.......................................................................................58
Problem situations........................................................................................................ 59
Discriminatory certain selling arrangements..........................................................59
Rules preventing or restricting the use of goods.................................................... 59
non- discriminatory selling arrangements preventing or restricting access to the
market.....................................................................................................................60
Future of keck.........................................................................................................61
Unfair commercial practices directive 2005/29........................................................... 61
CHAPTER 5 (barnard) : derogations and justifications.....................................................62
The art. 36 TFEU derogations......................................................................................62
Public morality....................................................................................................... 62
Public policy...........................................................................................................62
Public security........................................................................................................ 63
The protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants............................. 65
The protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological
value....................................................................................................................... 66
The protection of industrial and commercial property...........................................66
The second sentence of art. 36 TFEU: arbitrary discrimination and a disguised
restriction on trade..................................................................................................67
Mandatory requirements.............................................................................................. 67
Examples of mandatory or public interest requirements........................................67
Consumer protection.............................................................................................. 68
Environmental protection....................................................................................... 68
Proportionality..............................................................................................................69
Applying the proportionality test........................................................................... 69
The measures that can be taken by the defendant member state............................70
Proportionality and public health........................................................................... 70
Proceduralization of proportionality...................................................................... 71
Fundamental human rights........................................................................................... 71
Harmonization and trust............................................................................................... 71
3
, Understanding market access: Exploring the economic rationality of different conceptions
of free movement law.........................................................................................................72
Back ground:................................................................................................................ 72
Types of regulatory measures:......................................................................................72
Regulation and market access:..................................................................................... 73
Equal Burden and Selective Measures in the Case Law.............................................. 75
LECTURE: Free movement of Goods.............................................................................. 75
LECTURE 2- Free Movement of Goods........................................................................... 80
Quantitative Restrictions.............................................................................................. 80
Distinctly applicable measures.....................................................................................81
Indistinctly Applicable Measures.................................................................................81
Market Access Restriction........................................................................................... 82
Reverse discrimination................................................................................................. 83
Justifying Restrictions.................................................................................................. 84
Seminar Exercise C - 12.11................................................................................................ 87
FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL........................................................................................ 90
Case Law............................................................................................................................ 90
Scope of Capital........................................................................................................... 90
Case C-222/97 Trummer and Mayer [1999] ECR I-1661..................................... 90
Case C-370/05 Festersen [2007] ECR I-1135....................................................... 92
Joined Cases C-52/16 and C-113/16 (SEGRO and Horváth)................................ 93
Article 65 TFEU - Exceptions and Justification.......................................................... 94
Case C-54/99 Eglise de Scientologie [2000] ECR I-1335..................................... 94
Taxation of dividends................................................................................................... 95
Case C-35/98 Verkooijen........................................................................................95
CHAPTER 15 free movement of capital from the book Barnard and peers......................97
2. The legal framework and its origins.........................................................................97
The evolution of the original rules on capital.........................................................97
Overview of the current provisions:.......................................................................98
3. Material scope.......................................................................................................... 98
Defining capital:..................................................................................................... 98
Relationship with other Treaty freedoms............................................................... 99
4. Personal and geographical scope of capital rules...................................................101
Against whom can the capital rules be invoked?................................................. 101
When can an EU national invoke the capital rules against their own member state?
101
Third countries..................................................................................................... 101
5. Restrictions.............................................................................................................102
Equal treatment and non-discrimination.............................................................. 102
What constitutes as a restriction...........................................................................102
Exceptions and justifications......................................................................................102
4
, Treaty based limitations and exceptions...............................................................102
Justifying restrictions........................................................................................... 104
Free movement of capital: evolution as a non-linear process (Jukka Snell) (a finnish dude
oujee)................................................................................................................................ 107
The development of the freedom................................................................................107
The notion of restrictions........................................................................................... 108
The external dimension.............................................................................................. 109
FREE MOVEMENT OF SERVICES.................................................................................... 110
Case Law.......................................................................................................................... 110
C-33/74 Van Binsbergen....................................................................................... 110
C-65/05 Commission v Greece............................................................................. 111
C-286/82 and C-26/83 Luisi and Carbone........................................................... 113
C-384/93 Alpine Investments................................................................................114
C-352/85 Bond......................................................................................................115
C-263/86 Humbel................................................................................................. 116
C-465/05 Commission v Italy............................................................................... 118
C-490/04 Commission v Germany........................................................................119
CHAPTER 23 :.................................................................................................................120
CHAPTER 8 (barnard) : Freedom for individuals to provide and receive services.........124
Who can rely on art. 56 and 57 TFEU?......................................................................124
Three aspects of the freedom................................................................................124
Performance of a service for remuneration.......................................................... 125
The rights conferred on service providers and receivers............................................125
The rights of departure, entry and residence........................................................ 125
Rights of access to the market in services in other member states.......................126
The exercise of service activity............................................................................ 127
Health care cases........................................................................................................ 128
Kohll and Decker: opening the market.................................................................128
Intramural care..................................................................................................... 129
Extramural care.................................................................................................... 129
CHAPTER 11 (barnard) : Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services.. 129
Freedom to provide and receive services................................................................... 129
The rights conferred on service providers and receivers......................................129
The services directive 2006/123.................................................................................132
Scope.................................................................................................................... 132
Exclusions, limitations and derogations...............................................................133
Chapter 3 establishment....................................................................................... 134
Chapter 4 freedom to provide services.................................................................136
Rights of recipients of services............................................................................ 137
FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT..................................................................................... 137
Case Law.......................................................................................................................... 137
5
, C-55/94 Gebhard........................................................................................................137
C-210/06 Cartesio...................................................................................................... 139
C-212/97 Centros....................................................................................................... 140
C-106/16 Polbud........................................................................................................ 141
C-438/05 Viking Line..................................................................................................142
FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS - WORKERS.............................................................. 147
Legislation and other instruments:
Directive 2004/38 (The Citizenship Directive)
Commission Guidance on the Citizenship Directive (COM(2009) 313 Final)................147
Case law........................................................................................................................... 147
Case 66/85 Lawrie-Blum........................................................................................... 147
C-456/02 Trojani........................................................................................................ 149
C-325/08 Bernard....................................................................................................... 150
C-127/08 Metock........................................................................................................152
C-34/09 Ruiz Zambrano.............................................................................................153
C-85/96 Martinez Sala............................................................................................... 154
C-333/13 Elisabeta Dano........................................................................................... 155
CHAPTER 22 (Craig and de Búrca - EU Law) - Free Movement of Workers................157
Chapter 6 (barnard) : The free movement of persons; key principles..............................159
The development of the rights to free movement.......................................................159
Who benefits from the free movement rules?............................................................ 159
Establishing a breach of the treaty provisions............................................................161
Going beyond the discrimination model.................................................................... 162
Can the treaty provisions be invoked against the defendant?.................................... 163
CHAPTER 7 (barnard) : Free movement of workers and the Self-employed................. 163
The personal scope of the treaty provisions............................................................... 163
The rights conferred on workers................................................................................ 165
The rights enjoyed by the self-employed..................................................................167
Rights of departure, entry and residence........................................................... 167
The right of access to self-employment in the host state................................... 167
The exercise of activities as a self-employed person......................................... 168
Qualifications............................................................................................................ 169
The context.........................................................................................................169
The recognition of professional qualifications directive (RPQ)........................... 170
LECTURE: free movement of persons workers.............................................................. 172
Who is a worker?..............................................................................................................172
Effective and genuine activity.................................................................................... 172
Not effective and genuine activity:............................................................................ 173
Work Seekers?............................................................................................................ 173
Unemployed on entry;................................................................................................ 174
Unemployed following work:.................................................................................... 174
Gig Economy / platform workers:..............................................................................174
6
