NURS6202
Advanced Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Midterm Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number
of cells in a tissue or organ?
- A) Hypertrophy
- B) Hyperplasia
- C) Dysplasia
- D) Metaplasia
- ANS: B) Hyperplasia
- Rationale: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells
due to increased cell division, while hypertrophy involves an
increase in cell size.
©2024/2025
,2. Which of the following processes is primarily responsible for
the cellular destruction during necrosis?
- A) Apoptosis
- B) Autophagy
- C) Inflammatory reaction
- D) Necroptosis
- ANS: C) Inflammatory reaction
- Rationale: Necrosis is characterized by the accidental death
of cells and tissues, often accompanied by inflammation.
3. What role does oncogene activation play in cancer
development?
- A) Suppression of apoptosis
- B) Inhibition of angiogenesis
- C) Restoration of cell differentiation
- D) Promotion of uncontrolled cell proliferation
- ANS: D) Promotion of uncontrolled cell proliferation
- Rationale: Oncogenes drive cancer progression by
promoting cell division and resisting normal cell death signals.
©2024/2025
,4. Which of the following best explains the role of the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertension?
- A) Vasodilation and increased diuresis
- B) Vasoconstriction and sodium retention
- C) Increased erythropoiesis
- D) Decreased blood volume
- ANS: B) Vasoconstriction and sodium retention
- Rationale: The system increases blood pressure by causing
vasoconstriction and increasing sodium and water retention.
5. Which of the following correctly describes the
pathophysiological change in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)?
- A) Increased elastic recoil
- B) Airway hyper-responsiveness
- C) Permanent enlargement of airspaces
- D) Vascular obstruction
- ANS: C) Permanent enlargement of airspaces
- Rationale: COPD frequently results in emphysema, which is
characterized by the permanent enlargement of airspaces.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:
©2024/2025
, 6. __________ is the term used to describe the reversible
changes of one type of adult cell being replaced by another type
of cell.
- ANS: Metaplasia
- Rationale: Metaplasia is an adaptive substitution of one cell
type for another that is more suited to withstand the stress.
7. The accumulation of ______ in the retina of patients with
diabetes is responsible for diabetic retinopathy.
- ANS: Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs)
- Rationale: AGEs result from glycation processes and
contribute to retinal damage in diabetic patients.
8. The pathological enlargement of the myocardium due to
hypertension is known as __________.
- ANS: Hypertrophy
- Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of
cells, leading to increased organ size.
9. __________ is a condition in which the body’s immune
system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation
and tissue damage.
- ANS: Autoimmunity
©2024/2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Midterm Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number
of cells in a tissue or organ?
- A) Hypertrophy
- B) Hyperplasia
- C) Dysplasia
- D) Metaplasia
- ANS: B) Hyperplasia
- Rationale: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells
due to increased cell division, while hypertrophy involves an
increase in cell size.
©2024/2025
,2. Which of the following processes is primarily responsible for
the cellular destruction during necrosis?
- A) Apoptosis
- B) Autophagy
- C) Inflammatory reaction
- D) Necroptosis
- ANS: C) Inflammatory reaction
- Rationale: Necrosis is characterized by the accidental death
of cells and tissues, often accompanied by inflammation.
3. What role does oncogene activation play in cancer
development?
- A) Suppression of apoptosis
- B) Inhibition of angiogenesis
- C) Restoration of cell differentiation
- D) Promotion of uncontrolled cell proliferation
- ANS: D) Promotion of uncontrolled cell proliferation
- Rationale: Oncogenes drive cancer progression by
promoting cell division and resisting normal cell death signals.
©2024/2025
,4. Which of the following best explains the role of the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertension?
- A) Vasodilation and increased diuresis
- B) Vasoconstriction and sodium retention
- C) Increased erythropoiesis
- D) Decreased blood volume
- ANS: B) Vasoconstriction and sodium retention
- Rationale: The system increases blood pressure by causing
vasoconstriction and increasing sodium and water retention.
5. Which of the following correctly describes the
pathophysiological change in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)?
- A) Increased elastic recoil
- B) Airway hyper-responsiveness
- C) Permanent enlargement of airspaces
- D) Vascular obstruction
- ANS: C) Permanent enlargement of airspaces
- Rationale: COPD frequently results in emphysema, which is
characterized by the permanent enlargement of airspaces.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:
©2024/2025
, 6. __________ is the term used to describe the reversible
changes of one type of adult cell being replaced by another type
of cell.
- ANS: Metaplasia
- Rationale: Metaplasia is an adaptive substitution of one cell
type for another that is more suited to withstand the stress.
7. The accumulation of ______ in the retina of patients with
diabetes is responsible for diabetic retinopathy.
- ANS: Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs)
- Rationale: AGEs result from glycation processes and
contribute to retinal damage in diabetic patients.
8. The pathological enlargement of the myocardium due to
hypertension is known as __________.
- ANS: Hypertrophy
- Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of
cells, leading to increased organ size.
9. __________ is a condition in which the body’s immune
system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation
and tissue damage.
- ANS: Autoimmunity
©2024/2025
