Summary First semester(Chapters 1-15 of the Enduring vision textbook + class notes)

‭Tips:‬‭read‬‭2‬‭or‬‭3‬‭paragraphs,‬‭and‬‭write‬‭summative‬‭note,‬‭and‬‭keep‬‭examples‬‭of‬‭tribes‬‭or‬‭people‬‭practicing‬‭it.‬



‭Unit‬‭1.1,‬‭1.2‬

‭Paleo‬‭Era‬‭-‬‭33000‬‭BCE,‬‭primarily‬‭13000‬‭BCE‬‭to‬‭2500‬

‭ 3000‬‭BCE‬‭-‬‭People‬‭arrived‬‭through‬‭the‬‭Asia‬‭pacific‬‭bridge(glacier‬‭during‬‭ice‬‭age,‬‭33000‬‭to‬‭10,700)‬
3
‭13000‬‭BCE:‬‭people‬‭traveled‬‭by‬‭watercraft‬‭along‬‭coastline‬‭and‬‭inland‬‭to‬‭get‬‭to‬‭north‬‭america.‬

‭ ttribute‬‭of‬‭Paleo-Indians:‬‭Reciprocity‬‭,‬‭or‬‭the‬‭retuning‬‭of‬‭favors‬‭or‬‭gifts‬‭as‬‭part‬‭of‬‭a‬‭mutual‬‭relationship(not‬‭trade‬
A
‭related,‬‭informal).‬
‭People‬‭settled‬‭in‬‭alaska,‬‭and‬‭many‬‭northern‬‭parts‬‭in‬‭canada.‬‭And‬‭used‬‭spears‬‭and‬‭hunting‬‭tools‬‭to‬‭primarily‬‭hunt‬‭.‬

‭9000‬‭to‬‭8000‬‭BCE‬‭-‬‭Megafauna‬‭died,‬‭and‬‭bigger‬‭animals‬‭were‬‭hunted‬‭to‬‭extincition.‬

‭Archaic‬‭Era‬‭-‬‭8000‬‭-‬‭2500‬‭BCE‬

‭ urrent‬‭regional‬‭environments‬‭formed,‬‭and‬‭resulting‬‭increased‬‭flora‬‭and‬‭fauna‬‭provided‬‭advanced‬‭food‬‭sources.‬
C
‭Resulted‬‭in‬‭less‬‭land‬‭and‬‭increased‬‭fishing‬‭and‬‭hunting‬‭populations‬‭leading‬‭to‬‭growing‬‭archaic‬‭population.‬‭Women‬
‭farmed‬‭as‬‭well.‬

‭‬
● ‭ unted‬‭game‬‭across‬‭continent‬‭from‬‭season‬‭to‬‭season‬
H
‭●‬ ‭Fish,‬‭nuts,‬‭berries‬‭were‬‭primary‬‭component‬‭of‬‭diet‬
‭●‬ ‭Family‬‭and‬‭community‬‭emphasis‬‭(gender‬‭roles)‬
‭●‬ ‭Many‬‭settled‬‭along‬‭river‬‭valleys‬

*‭ **Key‬‭notes:‬‭3‬‭sister‬‭farming‬‭,‬‭the‬‭combinantion‬‭of‬‭Corn,‬‭beans,‬‭and‬‭Squash‬
‭relying‬‭on‬‭the‬‭corn‬‭stalk‬‭for‬‭support‬‭and‬‭helping‬‭produce‬‭fertile‬‭environment‬‭for‬‭all‬‭3‬
‭plants.‬
‭Loose‬‭bands‬‭,‬‭Decentralized‬‭,‬‭and‬‭focused‬‭primarily‬‭on‬‭hunting‬‭and‬‭gathering‬‭so‬
‭did‬‭not‬‭have‬‭any‬‭time‬‭for‬‭language‬‭or‬‭creative‬‭building,‬‭pictographs.‬

‭Tribal‬‭and‬‭Confederate‬‭Era‬‭-‬‭2500‬‭BCE‬‭to‬‭1400‬‭CE‬

⚫
‭ ‬‭Incas‬‭(South‬‭America)‬
‭-‬‭Covered‬‭2500‬‭miles‬‭from‬‭Columbia,‬
‭Peru,‬‭Argentina‬
‭-‬‭Regional‬‭authority‬‭based‬‭on‬‭unified‬
‭Sun‬‭God‬
‭-‬‭Strong‬‭engineering‬‭capability‬‭known‬‭for‬
‭bridges‬
‭-‬‭Paved‬‭roads,‬‭canal‬‭systems,‬
‭aqueducts‬
‭-‬‭Unlike‬‭many‬‭Native‬‭societies,‬‭they‬
‭were‬‭patriarchal‬

,⚫
‭ ‬‭Mayans‬‭(Central‬‭America)‬
‭-‬‭Strong‬‭polytheistic‬‭beliefs‬‭demonstrated‬‭in‬
‭their‬‭elaborate‬‭religious‬‭structures‬
‭-Invented‬‭the‬‭number‬‭zero‬

⚫
‭ ‭A
‬ ztecs‬‭(Mesoamerica)‬
‭-‬‭Developed‬‭floating‬ ‭islands‬‭and‬‭maize‬
‭-‬‭Present‬‭day‬‭Mexico‬‭City-‬‭Tenochtitlan‬
‭-‬‭Coalition‬‭of‬‭tribes‬‭with‬‭strong‬‭hierarchy‬‭emphasis‬
‭-‬‭Strong‬‭centralized‬‭government‬
‭-‬‭Basket‬‭making,‬‭Metal‬‭shaping,‬‭and‬‭jewelry‬
‭-‬‭Had‬‭major‬‭conflict‬‭with‬‭Cortes‬‭in‬‭1519‬

‭ okoham‬‭culture:‬‭intertwined‬‭with‬‭mesoamerican‬‭ideals,‬‭and‬‭involved‬‭the‬‭development‬‭of‬‭advanced‬‭irrigation‬
H
‭systems‬‭and‬‭ball‬‭courts,‬‭etc.‬

⚫
‭ ‬‭Pueblo‬‭(Southwestern-‬‭Rio‬‭Grande‬‭Valley)‬
‭-‬‭Sandstone‬‭cliffs‬‭with‬‭built-in‬‭mud‬‭shelters‬
‭-‬‭Elaborate‬‭rows‬‭of‬‭terraced‬‭gardens‬‭for‬‭crops‬
‭-‬‭Anasazi‬‭“ancient‬‭ones”‬‭had‬‭complex‬‭irrigation‬
‭Attribute‬‭of‬‭Era:‬‭Confederacy:‬‭Tribes‬‭or‬‭bands‬‭that‬‭have‬‭grouped‬‭together,‬‭usually‬‭sharing‬‭common‬‭cultures‬‭or‬
‭nearby‬‭location.‬

‭Ex.‬‭Iroquois,‬‭Pueblo,‬‭Hokoham‬‭conf.‬‭,‬‭however,‬‭many‬‭confederations‬‭existed‬‭prior‬‭to‬‭1400,‬

‭Order‬‭of‬‭Development‬‭of‬‭eastern‬‭woodlands‬‭cultures:‬‭Poverty‬‭Point,‬‭Adena,‬‭Hopewell,‬‭Missisipian.‬

‭Used‬‭mutualistic‬‭techniques‬‭to‬‭maintain‬‭social‬‭order,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭Conformity,‬‭Cooperation,‬‭Persuasion.‬

⚫
‭ ‬‭Iroquois‬‭(Eastern‬‭Woodlands)‬
‭-‬‭Permanent‬‭villages‬‭based‬‭on‬‭agriculture‬‭&‬‭nomadic‬
‭lifestyles‬
‭-‬‭Strongest‬‭group‬‭in‬‭Northeast:‬‭Coalition‬‭or‬‭Confederation‬‭of‬‭Seneca,‬
‭Oneida,‬‭Onondaga,‬‭Cayuga,‬‭&‬‭Mohawk‬‭Indians‬

⚫ ‭-‬‭Strong‬‭military‬‭&‬‭political‬‭unity‬
‭ ‬‭Cahokia‬‭(Plains‬‭along‬‭Mississippi‬‭River)‬
‭-‬‭25,000‬‭Natives‬‭with‬‭strong‬‭mound‬‭building‬‭skills‬
‭-‬‭Primarily‬‭hunting‬‭&‬‭gathering‬‭with‬‭mixed‬‭agriculture‬


‭Additional‬‭Vocab:‬

‭ ribute:‬‭Payment‬‭demanded‬‭for‬‭entry,‬‭or‬‭prevention‬‭of‬‭war‬‭or‬‭arrest.‬
T
‭Ex.‬‭Pochteca‬‭Aztecs‬‭in‬‭armed‬‭caravans‬‭who‬‭demanded‬‭such‬‭tribute.‬

‭ ivas:‬‭Underground‬‭structures‬‭used‬‭for‬‭ceremonial‬‭purposes.‬
K
‭Ex.‬‭Puebloan‬‭and‬‭Hopi‬‭peoples‬‭used‬‭the‬‭Kiva‬‭for‬‭sleeping‬‭and‬‭kachina‬‭rituals.‬

‭ atrilinieal:‬‭A‬‭marraige‬‭or‬‭lineage‬‭that‬‭is‬‭traced‬‭through‬‭the‬‭father.‬‭(Patri‬‭latin‬‭for‬‭Father)‬
P
‭Ex.‬‭Ojibwe,‬‭Menominee,‬‭Potawatomi,‬‭and‬‭Ho-Chunk‬‭were‬‭patrilineal‬‭societies,‬‭and‬‭could‬‭not‬‭marry‬‭a‬‭member‬‭of‬
‭the‬‭same‬‭clan.‬

,‭ atrilinieal:‬‭A‬‭marraige‬‭or‬‭lineage‬‭that‬‭is‬‭traced‬‭through‬‭the‬‭Mother.‬‭(Matri‬‭latin‬‭for‬‭Mother)‬
M
‭Ex:‬‭Cherokee‬‭and‬‭Chicksaw‬‭tribes‬‭had‬‭matrilineal‬‭societies.‬

‭ ecentrilized:‬‭No‬‭central‬‭Governement.‬
D
‭Ex.‬‭Archaic‬‭tribes.‬

*‭ **Summary‬
‭During‬‭the‬‭Paleo‬‭era‬‭indian‬‭peoples‬‭migrated‬‭from‬‭asia,‬‭initially‬‭beginning‬‭in‬‭33,000‬‭through‬‭the‬‭glacier‬‭bridge,‬‭but‬
‭closer‬‭to‬‭13,000‬‭began‬‭arriving‬‭via‬‭the‬‭coastline‬‭and‬‭settling‬‭among‬‭the‬‭west‬‭coast‬‭and‬‭distributing‬‭westward.‬‭In‬
‭9000‬‭BCE‬‭they‬‭faced‬‭the‬‭extinction‬‭of‬‭the‬‭bigger‬‭animals‬‭which‬‭led‬‭to‬‭them‬‭redistributing‬‭themselves‬‭and‬‭their‬‭food‬
‭sources.‬

I‭n‬‭8000‬‭BCE‬‭the‬‭Archaic‬‭era‬‭began,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭shifting‬‭climate‬‭led‬‭to‬‭diversified‬‭environments‬‭and‬‭indian‬‭tribes.‬
‭These‬‭groups‬‭were‬‭loose‬‭bands‬‭of‬‭people‬‭that‬‭made‬‭it‬‭easy‬‭to‬‭hunt‬‭and‬‭gather‬‭food,‬‭yet‬‭these‬‭people‬‭were‬‭not‬‭as‬
‭thoroughly‬‭developed.‬‭Focused‬‭on‬‭river‬‭valleys‬‭and‬‭hunted‬‭all‬‭season.‬‭Family‬‭played‬‭a‬‭big‬‭role‬‭and‬‭began‬‭to‬
‭lead‬‭into‬‭the‬‭cultural‬‭and‬‭organizational‬‭differences.‬‭They‬‭also‬‭developed‬‭3‬‭sister‬‭farming(Corn,‬‭beans,‬‭squash)‬‭,‬
‭which‬‭was‬‭incorporated‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Southwest.‬

‭ egining‬‭in‬‭2500‬‭the‬‭Tribes‬‭began‬‭to‬‭band‬‭together‬‭to‬‭form‬‭Confederacies,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Iroquois,‬‭Pueblo,‬
B
‭Hokoham‬‭conf.‬‭They‬‭began‬‭focusing‬‭on‬‭culture‬‭such‬‭as‬‭building‬‭a‬‭language‬‭and‬‭alphabet‬‭system,‬‭the‬‭except‬‭for‬
‭woodland‬‭cultures‬‭which‬‭built‬‭pictographs.‬
‭Spread‬‭of‬‭maize‬‭cultivation‬‭from‬‭Mesoamerica‬‭northward‬‭supported‬‭economic‬‭development‬‭&‬‭social‬‭diversification‬
‭amongst‬‭tribes.‬‭The‬‭Mayas‬‭used‬‭human‬‭sacrifice‬‭in‬‭pyramids,‬‭and‬‭developed‬‭a‬‭calendar‬‭and‬‭the‬‭number‬‭zero.‬‭And‬
‭Aztecs‬‭used‬‭Pochteca‬‭to‬‭collect‬‭tribute‬‭through‬‭their‬‭armed‬‭caravans.‬‭Woodlands‬‭cultures‬‭developed‬‭beginning‬
‭with‬‭Poverty‬‭point,‬‭followed‬‭by‬‭Adena,‬‭Hopewell,‬‭and‬‭Missisipian.‬‭Plains‬‭tribes‬‭were‬‭still‬‭loosely‬‭banded,‬‭and‬
‭relied‬‭heavily‬‭on‬‭hunting‬‭techniqes‬‭and‬‭gathering,‬‭like‬‭Cahoika‬‭.‬‭Pueblo‬‭lived‬‭in‬‭cave‬‭communities‬‭and‬‭were‬‭mostly‬
‭communal.‬‭Iroquois‬‭and‬‭similar‬‭Northeastern‬‭tribes‬‭were‬‭able‬‭to‬‭mix‬‭their‬‭farming‬‭techniques‬‭with‬‭their‬‭hunting‬
‭and‬‭gathering.‬

‭ ue‬‭to‬‭the‬‭existence‬‭or‬‭need‬‭of‬‭a‬‭surplus,‬‭groups‬‭and‬‭tribes‬‭banded‬‭over‬‭time‬‭to‬‭create‬‭this‬‭surplus‬‭and‬
D
‭went‬‭from‬‭decentralized‬‭to‬‭centralized.‬




‭ nit‬‭2-1‬
U
‭Cultural‬‭reinassance:‬
‭●‬ ‭Science‬‭texts‬‭from‬‭greeks‬‭and‬‭romans‬‭discovered‬‭and‬‭studied‬‭medicine,‬‭geography,‬‭and‬‭supported‬‭by‬
‭muslim‬‭and‬‭eastern‬‭scholars.‬
‭●‬ ‭Artists‬‭such‬‭as‬‭Leonardo‬‭da‬‭Vinci‬‭and‬‭Michelangelo‬‭created‬‭works‬‭rooted‬‭in‬‭classical‬‭tradition‬‭and‬‭based‬
‭on‬‭close‬‭observations‬‭of‬‭nature‬‭(including‬‭the‬‭human‬‭body)‬‭and‬‭attention‬‭to‬‭perspective.‬
‭●‬ ‭Renaissance‬‭euros.‬‭was‬‭referred‬‭to‬‭the‬‭“height‬‭of‬‭civilization”‬‭to‬‭which‬‭people‬‭could‬‭aspire.‬

‭ aste‬‭differences:‬
C
‭●‬ ‭Age,‬‭gender‬‭and‬‭social‬‭class‬‭dominated‬‭policy‬‭in‬‭modern‬‭euros.‬
‭●‬ ‭Monarchs‬‭focused‬‭on‬‭merchanting‬‭versus‬‭catholic‬‭motives.‬
‭●‬ ‭75%‬‭of‬‭population‬‭was‬‭peasantry,‬‭starved‬‭by‬‭taxes‬‭and‬‭catholic/monarchy‬‭fees.‬
‭●‬ ‭Peasant‬‭revolts‬‭were‬‭often,‬‭and‬‭were‬‭dominated‬‭and‬‭consolidated‬‭by‬‭the‬‭upper‬‭classes.‬

‭Worsening‬‭factors:‬

, ‭‬
● ‭ 5‬‭million‬‭peasants‬‭in‬‭1450‬‭to‬‭100‬‭million‬‭in‬‭1600,‬‭and‬‭england‬‭wanted‬‭Private‬‭property‬
5
‭●‬ ‭Little‬‭Ice‬‭age‬‭with‬‭famine,‬‭combined‬‭with‬‭deforestation‬‭lead‬‭to‬‭less‬‭hunting‬‭game.‬
‭●‬ ‭England‬‭went‬‭form‬‭2.5‬‭million(1500)‬‭to‬‭5‬‭million(1620),‬
‭●‬ ‭Wages‬‭fell,‬‭while‬‭textile‬‭production‬‭increased‬‭through‬‭entrepreneurship‬
‭●‬ ‭Vagabonds(wanderers),‬‭were‬‭passed‬‭a‬‭law‬‭that‬‭got‬‭them‬‭whipped.‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭colonies‬‭were‬‭seen‬‭as‬‭a‬‭land‬‭of‬‭opportunity‬‭for‬‭many‬‭eng..‬

‭ alues‬‭of‬‭euros.:‬
V
‭●‬ ‭New‬‭forms‬‭of‬‭trade‬‭and‬‭marketing‬‭emerged‬‭with‬‭the‬‭dealing‬‭of‬‭money,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭emergence‬‭of‬‭companies,‬
‭such‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Joint‬‭stock‬‭company(Investments)‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭household‬‭was‬‭the‬‭center‬‭of‬‭progression,‬‭and‬‭was‬‭a‬‭Nuclear‬‭family(many‬‭childern)‬
‭●‬ ‭Children‬‭were‬‭laborers,‬‭women‬‭bear‬‭children,‬‭Men‬‭are‬‭head‬‭of‬‭household.‬
‭●‬ ‭Trade‬‭dominated‬‭modern‬‭england,‬‭and‬‭nuclear‬‭families‬‭constituted‬‭many‬‭eng.‬‭households.‬

‭ eligious‬‭factors:‬
R
‭●‬ ‭Christians,‬‭muslims,‬‭and‬‭jews‬‭were‬‭in‬‭constant‬‭conflict‬‭in‬‭1400,‬‭through‬‭the‬‭Crusades.‬
‭●‬ ‭Crusades‬‭introduced‬‭many‬‭euros.‬‭to‬‭the‬‭east‬‭and‬‭all‬‭the‬‭spices,‬‭ideas,‬‭and‬‭goods‬‭that‬‭became‬
‭sought‬‭after‬‭luxury‬‭items.‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭church‬‭used‬‭Indulgences‬‭as‬‭a‬‭way‬‭of‬‭earning‬‭money‬‭and‬‭completing‬‭task,‬‭sinners‬‭could‬‭go‬‭to‬‭heaven‬
‭by‬‭paying‬‭church.‬

‭ rotestant‬‭church:‬
P
‭●‬ ‭Martin‬‭luther‬‭attacked‬‭the‬‭catholic‬‭church‬‭making‬‭you‬‭pay‬‭to‬‭go‬‭to‬‭heaven‬
‭●‬ ‭Known‬‭as‬‭the‬‭protestant‬‭revolution,‬‭focused‬‭on‬‭faith‬‭versus‬‭paying‬‭church.‬
‭●‬ ‭Priesthood‬‭was‬‭in‬‭the‬‭power‬‭of‬‭the‬‭believer‬‭versus‬‭a‬‭governing‬‭church.‬
‭●‬ ‭Teresa‬‭of‬‭Avalia:‬‭Catholic‬‭holy‬‭orders‬‭to‬‭repudiate‬‭corruption‬‭and‬‭to‬‭lead‬‭the‬‭Church’s‬‭renewal‬‭by‬‭living‬
‭piously‬‭and‬‭austerely.‬
‭●‬ ‭Ignatius‬‭Loyola:‬‭militant‬‭group‬‭called‬‭the‬‭society‬‭of‬‭jesus,‬‭were‬‭advisers‬‭to‬‭the‬‭non‬‭christians.‬


‭ oyalty‬‭and‬‭religion:‬
R
‭●‬ ‭King‬‭henry‬‭8‬‭marries‬‭Catherine‬‭of‬‭Aragon,‬‭then‬‭married‬‭Anne‬‭Boeyln,‬‭and‬‭took‬‭over‬‭the‬‭Church‬‭of‬
‭england‬‭,‬‭consolidating‬‭properties.‬
‭●‬ ‭Edward‬‭6‬‭supported‬‭Calvinism,‬‭howerver‬‭Mary‬‭1’‬‭s‬‭reversal‬‭saw‬‭protestants‬‭burned‬‭at‬‭the‬‭stake.‬
‭●‬ ‭In‬‭the‬‭end,‬‭with‬‭violence‬‭from‬‭roman‬‭catholic,‬‭she‬‭embraced‬‭total‬‭militant‬‭anti‬
‭catholicism(Protestant)‬

‭ ortugal‬‭motives:‬
P
‭●‬ ‭Merchants‬‭sought‬‭to‬‭increase‬‭profits‬‭by‬‭newer‬‭trade‬‭routes,‬‭for‬‭Gold‬‭and‬‭slaves‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Caravel‬‭and‬‭the‬‭arab‬‭sail,‬‭compass‬‭and‬‭astrolobe‬‭helped‬‭facilitate‬‭euro‬‭exploration.‬
‭●‬ ‭Prince‬‭Henry‬‭“The‬‭navigator”,‬‭encouraged‬‭merchants‬‭to‬‭raid‬‭or‬‭trade‬‭in‬‭the‬‭atlantic.‬
‭●‬ ‭Portuguese‬‭showed‬‭way‬‭around‬‭sahara‬‭to‬‭africa,‬‭asia,‬‭and‬‭demostrated‬‭slave‬‭trade.‬

‭ lavery:‬
S
‭●‬ ‭Slaves‬‭were‬‭taken‬‭as‬‭captives‬‭of‬‭war‬‭or‬‭indebtedness.‬
‭●‬ ‭Indebtedness‬‭was‬‭usually‬‭worked‬‭off‬‭through‬‭a‬‭family‬‭or‬‭slaves‬‭were‬‭used‬‭to‬‭make‬‭more‬‭slaves.‬
‭●‬ ‭Status‬‭was‬‭flexible‬‭as‬‭with‬‭Queen‬‭Nzinga,‬‭daughter‬‭of‬‭a‬‭slave.‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭trade‬‭of‬‭slaves‬‭enabled‬‭goods‬‭from‬‭muslims,‬‭mostly‬‭men‬‭slaves.‬
‭●‬ ‭Preffered‬‭rulers‬‭were‬‭given‬‭guns,‬‭whcih‬‭in‬‭exhange‬‭provided‬‭more‬‭slaves‬‭to‬‭the‬‭eng..‬
‭●‬ ‭Slavery‬‭was‬‭now‬‭a‬‭market‬‭dominated‬‭by‬‭portugal,‬‭supported‬‭through‬‭african‬‭rulers‬
‭●‬ ‭Race‬‭defined‬‭slavery,‬‭and‬‭so‬‭did‬‭their‬‭methods‬‭that‬‭seemed‬‭lower‬‭than‬‭euros.ans.‬