The Dynamic of Gases
Principal and Application
M.Kamil Khan
January 2025
Well it all begin in Egypt in (285BC - 222BC) in small barber shop where a young
and brilliant child Ctesibius conducting experiments and research in his father bar-
ber shop. Ctesibius is one of the most brilliant and incredible researcher who was
long forgotten in History. but in modern days People still use his remarkable inven-
tion.
Ctesibius is a mathematician and Greek-Egyptian.
In ancient time People use many different technique and devices, to measure
time. Like Hydra(a water thief ). Ctesibius improved it and introduce the siphon ef-
fect first time and make the stable water clock.
Ctesibius is known as the "Father of pneumatic". He first time introduce his
idea about the air/gas that aren’t nothing but air also have mass and energy in it.
He make the first Plunger pump and hydraulic by the help air/gas. He and His wife
invented the first water organ which is known as pipe organ in modern days.
Now the study and research about gas begin.
Gas is not seen able thing but we can feel it, the brilliant scientists find a way to
study these gases. Both the gases and fluids are the same terminology in engineer-
ing. But some of the branches like Thermodynamic only study about the gas.
Properties of Gases
1. Basic Properties.
2. Density.
3. Fluidity.
4. Diffusion and Effusion.
1
, Pressure (P)
P .
.
.
.
.
. Volume (V)
.
V
Figure 1: PV Graph
0.1 Basic Properties.
1 Robert Boyle’s law
In 1662 Robert Boyle’s conduct an experiment in which he notice that the gas shown
a strange behaviour. When you fill the gas in a container and change its volume then
the pressure of the gas also changes. When you decrease the volume of the container
the pressure increase and when increase the volume pressure decreases, they both
respond inversely proportional to each other. Known as Boyle’s Law.
1
V ol ume ∝
P r essur e
1
P r essur e ∝
V ol ume
P 1 V2 = P 2 V1
PV = k
P= Pressure
V= Volume
k= constant
’k’ is the constant value which represent the constant volume and temperature
of the system.
As the above graph shown that as the pressure is decreasing the volume is in-
creasing.
Boyle’s Law is applicable when the Temperature is constant but the Pressure and
volume in changing. Example:
Take a balloon and filled air in it attached pressure measuring device with it.
So when you squeeze the balloon you notice that the pressure increase, and when
2
, release it the pressure decrease. Another example is when you use the spray paint
can. It filled with high pressurize liquefy gas in it. You notice that when you start
spraying, the paint coming out of the container covers a large volume/area,but as
it start getting empty then it covers a very low volume/area because the pressure in
the container is low. This is Boyle’s Law.
2 Jacque Charle’s Law
Now the next player is Jacque Charles’s who also plays as important role in gas study.
he describe the that when we heat up the gas it Expand, known as the Charle’s Law.
Mean the temperature is directly proportional to the volume.
V ol ume ∝ Temper at ur e
V ∝T
V
=k
T
V = kT
V= Volume
T= Temperature
k= non zero-constant
Temperature (T)
T .
.
.
. V Volume (V)
Figure 2: TV Graph
As the above graph shown that as the Temperature is increasing then volume is
also increasing.
Charles’s Law is applicable when the Pressure in constant while the Volume and
Temperature is changing.
3
Principal and Application
M.Kamil Khan
January 2025
Well it all begin in Egypt in (285BC - 222BC) in small barber shop where a young
and brilliant child Ctesibius conducting experiments and research in his father bar-
ber shop. Ctesibius is one of the most brilliant and incredible researcher who was
long forgotten in History. but in modern days People still use his remarkable inven-
tion.
Ctesibius is a mathematician and Greek-Egyptian.
In ancient time People use many different technique and devices, to measure
time. Like Hydra(a water thief ). Ctesibius improved it and introduce the siphon ef-
fect first time and make the stable water clock.
Ctesibius is known as the "Father of pneumatic". He first time introduce his
idea about the air/gas that aren’t nothing but air also have mass and energy in it.
He make the first Plunger pump and hydraulic by the help air/gas. He and His wife
invented the first water organ which is known as pipe organ in modern days.
Now the study and research about gas begin.
Gas is not seen able thing but we can feel it, the brilliant scientists find a way to
study these gases. Both the gases and fluids are the same terminology in engineer-
ing. But some of the branches like Thermodynamic only study about the gas.
Properties of Gases
1. Basic Properties.
2. Density.
3. Fluidity.
4. Diffusion and Effusion.
1
, Pressure (P)
P .
.
.
.
.
. Volume (V)
.
V
Figure 1: PV Graph
0.1 Basic Properties.
1 Robert Boyle’s law
In 1662 Robert Boyle’s conduct an experiment in which he notice that the gas shown
a strange behaviour. When you fill the gas in a container and change its volume then
the pressure of the gas also changes. When you decrease the volume of the container
the pressure increase and when increase the volume pressure decreases, they both
respond inversely proportional to each other. Known as Boyle’s Law.
1
V ol ume ∝
P r essur e
1
P r essur e ∝
V ol ume
P 1 V2 = P 2 V1
PV = k
P= Pressure
V= Volume
k= constant
’k’ is the constant value which represent the constant volume and temperature
of the system.
As the above graph shown that as the pressure is decreasing the volume is in-
creasing.
Boyle’s Law is applicable when the Temperature is constant but the Pressure and
volume in changing. Example:
Take a balloon and filled air in it attached pressure measuring device with it.
So when you squeeze the balloon you notice that the pressure increase, and when
2
, release it the pressure decrease. Another example is when you use the spray paint
can. It filled with high pressurize liquefy gas in it. You notice that when you start
spraying, the paint coming out of the container covers a large volume/area,but as
it start getting empty then it covers a very low volume/area because the pressure in
the container is low. This is Boyle’s Law.
2 Jacque Charle’s Law
Now the next player is Jacque Charles’s who also plays as important role in gas study.
he describe the that when we heat up the gas it Expand, known as the Charle’s Law.
Mean the temperature is directly proportional to the volume.
V ol ume ∝ Temper at ur e
V ∝T
V
=k
T
V = kT
V= Volume
T= Temperature
k= non zero-constant
Temperature (T)
T .
.
.
. V Volume (V)
Figure 2: TV Graph
As the above graph shown that as the Temperature is increasing then volume is
also increasing.
Charles’s Law is applicable when the Pressure in constant while the Volume and
Temperature is changing.
3
