Bonding, structure and Properties of
Matter- Gcse AQA chemistry 9-1
What are ions? - ANS- Electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain
electrons.
What do ions have the same electronic structure as? - ANS- Noble gases
Why do atoms lose or gain electrons? - ANS- To form ions so that they get a full outer
shell.
What are atoms with full outer shells like? - ANS- Very stable
What happens when non-metals form ions? - ANS- They gain electrons into their outer
shell to form negative ions.
What happens when metals form ions? - ANS- They lose electrons from their outer shell
to form positive ions.
What is the charge on a ion the same as? - ANS- The number of electrons lost or gained.
E.g. if 2 electrons are lost the charge is 2+
What happens when a metal and a non-metal react together? What is this bond? - ANS-
The metal atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion and the non-metal gains
these electrons to form negatively charged ions.
When these oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic
forces, the attraction is called an ionic bond.
What elements most readily form ions? - ANS- Elements in group 1,2,6 and 7
What are group 1 and 2 elements? What do they form? - ANS- They are metals and they
lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)
What are group 6 and 7 elements? What do they form? - ANS- They're non-metals and
they gain electrons to form negative ions (anions).
What do dot and cross diagrams show? - ANS- They show the arrangement of electrons
in an atom or ion. Each electron is represented by a dot or a cross. So these diagrams
can show which atom the electrons in an ion originally came from.
, What do group 1 elements form? - ANS- 1+ ions
What do group 2 elements form? - ANS- 2+ ions
What do group 6 elements form? - ANS- 2- ions
What do group 7 elements form? - ANS- 1- ions
What are the advantages and disadvantages of dot and cross diagrams? - ANS- They are
useful for showing how ionic compounds are formed but they don't show the structure of
the compound, the size of the ions or how they're arranged.
What is ionic bonding? - ANS- The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged
ions. ( a metal and a non-metal)
What is an ionic compounds structure like? - ANS- They have a structure called a giant
ionic lattice. The ions form a closely packed regular lattice arrangement and there are
very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions, in all
directions in the lattice.
What are the properties of ionic compounds? - ANS- They all have high melting and
boiling points due to the many strong bonds between the ions. It takes a lot of energy to
overcome this attraction.
When they're solid the ions are held in place so the compounds can't conduct electricity.
When ionic compounds melt, the ions are free to move and they'll carry electric current.
Some ionic compounds dissolve easily in water. The ions separate and are all free to
move in the solution so they'll carry electric current.
How are covalent bonds made? - ANS- When non-metal atoms bond together and share
pairs of electrons.
How are covalent bonds so strong? - ANS- The positively charged nuclei of the bonded
atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces.
What does covalent bonding happen in? - ANS- Compunds of non-metals (e.g. H2O) and
in non-metal elements (e.g. HCl2)
What does each single covalent bond provide? - ANS- One extra shared electron for
each atom.
How are dot and cross diagrams useful for showing covalent bonding? - ANS- They are
useful for showing which atoms the electrons in a covalent bond come from, but they
don't show the relative sides of the atoms, or how the atoms are arranged in space.
Matter- Gcse AQA chemistry 9-1
What are ions? - ANS- Electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain
electrons.
What do ions have the same electronic structure as? - ANS- Noble gases
Why do atoms lose or gain electrons? - ANS- To form ions so that they get a full outer
shell.
What are atoms with full outer shells like? - ANS- Very stable
What happens when non-metals form ions? - ANS- They gain electrons into their outer
shell to form negative ions.
What happens when metals form ions? - ANS- They lose electrons from their outer shell
to form positive ions.
What is the charge on a ion the same as? - ANS- The number of electrons lost or gained.
E.g. if 2 electrons are lost the charge is 2+
What happens when a metal and a non-metal react together? What is this bond? - ANS-
The metal atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion and the non-metal gains
these electrons to form negatively charged ions.
When these oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic
forces, the attraction is called an ionic bond.
What elements most readily form ions? - ANS- Elements in group 1,2,6 and 7
What are group 1 and 2 elements? What do they form? - ANS- They are metals and they
lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)
What are group 6 and 7 elements? What do they form? - ANS- They're non-metals and
they gain electrons to form negative ions (anions).
What do dot and cross diagrams show? - ANS- They show the arrangement of electrons
in an atom or ion. Each electron is represented by a dot or a cross. So these diagrams
can show which atom the electrons in an ion originally came from.
, What do group 1 elements form? - ANS- 1+ ions
What do group 2 elements form? - ANS- 2+ ions
What do group 6 elements form? - ANS- 2- ions
What do group 7 elements form? - ANS- 1- ions
What are the advantages and disadvantages of dot and cross diagrams? - ANS- They are
useful for showing how ionic compounds are formed but they don't show the structure of
the compound, the size of the ions or how they're arranged.
What is ionic bonding? - ANS- The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged
ions. ( a metal and a non-metal)
What is an ionic compounds structure like? - ANS- They have a structure called a giant
ionic lattice. The ions form a closely packed regular lattice arrangement and there are
very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions, in all
directions in the lattice.
What are the properties of ionic compounds? - ANS- They all have high melting and
boiling points due to the many strong bonds between the ions. It takes a lot of energy to
overcome this attraction.
When they're solid the ions are held in place so the compounds can't conduct electricity.
When ionic compounds melt, the ions are free to move and they'll carry electric current.
Some ionic compounds dissolve easily in water. The ions separate and are all free to
move in the solution so they'll carry electric current.
How are covalent bonds made? - ANS- When non-metal atoms bond together and share
pairs of electrons.
How are covalent bonds so strong? - ANS- The positively charged nuclei of the bonded
atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces.
What does covalent bonding happen in? - ANS- Compunds of non-metals (e.g. H2O) and
in non-metal elements (e.g. HCl2)
What does each single covalent bond provide? - ANS- One extra shared electron for
each atom.
How are dot and cross diagrams useful for showing covalent bonding? - ANS- They are
useful for showing which atoms the electrons in a covalent bond come from, but they
don't show the relative sides of the atoms, or how the atoms are arranged in space.
