BIO 189 Final Exam - Arizona College of Nursing | Q & A

BIO 189 Final Exam - Arizona College of Nursing | Q & A Where does glycolysis take place? Cytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) Glucose Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) 2 ATP. Pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) acetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2 Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? Hydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? ATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen. What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? ATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? Oxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? 34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? Lactate and alcohol, CO2 What are the basic steps of replication? DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? Cytosine What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? Guanine If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? 25% Group the following into levels of organizations -DNA -Sister chromatids -Chromosomes DNA, sister chromatids, and chromosomes are organized in order from smallest to largest level of organization. Explanation: In order of smallest to largest level of organization, the grouping would be: DNA, Sister chromatids, and Chromosomes. What type of bond links the nitrogenous bases together from opposing strands? hydrogen bonds Which component determines differences in differing nucleotides? (hint: the nucleotide's phosphate group, sugar, or nitrogenous base...) phosphate groups What primarily produces diversity among individuals and species? (hint: individual nucleotides, sequence of nucleotides, or organization of the DNA backbone...) sequence of nucleotides What are histones? any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. What are mutations? permanent changes in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. What are nucleotide dimers and which type(s) of mutagen(s) usually causes them? Dimers cause mutations because polymerases tend to copy kinked DNA incorrectly. Dimers can also block the progress of a polymerase, so DNA replication stalls or collapses. UV rays in sunlight cause them What is the Semiconservative Model of DNA replication? Semiconservative replication produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand. What is a gene? Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis DNA ligase 1 connects the Okazaki fragments Is DNA usually double-stranded or single-stranded? double-stranded During transcription, what is the template and what is the product? DNA. The product is mRNA During transcription from DNA to RNA, you have the following DNA template. 3' GTACGCTCA 5' What will be the resulting RNA strand? 5' CATGCGAGT 3' mRNA messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome tRNA (transfer RNA) The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) directs the translation of mRNA into proteins What is the role of RNA polymerase? -binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands -then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA Is RNA usually double stranded or single stranded? single stranded During transcription, which RNA nucleotide pairs with DNA's adenine? Uracil What is gene expression? the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation Where does translation take place? Which organelle? cytoplasm in ribosomes What is a codon? a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. What is an exon? An expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein What is an intron? sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein (noncoding) deletion mutation a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene substitution mutation Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product.