Cscc psy 1100 Exam 2
classical conditioning - *answers *a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events
Pavlov - *answers *founder of classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus - *answers *in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—
naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
unconditioned response - *answers *In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally
occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the
mouth.
neutral stimulus - *answers *in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before
conditioning
operant conditioning - *answers *a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
B.F. Skinner - *answers *Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by
training pigeons and rats
positive reinforcement - *answers *Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as
food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens
the response.
negative reinforcement - *answers *Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative
stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a
response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
, Cscc psy 1100 Exam 2
positive punishment - *answers *the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of
a behavior's recurring
negative punishment - *answers *the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a
behavior's recurring
Shaping - *answers *An operant conditioning in which something is learned gradually
observational learning - *answers *learning by observing others
insight learning - *answers *The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something
new by applying what is already known
learned helplessness - *answers *An organism's learning through experience with unavoidable
negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.
Concepts - *answers *a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototypes - *answers *A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we
associate with a category
Heuristic - *answers *an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down
the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb"
availability heuristic - *answers *estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability
in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume
such events are common
classical conditioning - *answers *a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events
Pavlov - *answers *founder of classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus - *answers *in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—
naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
unconditioned response - *answers *In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally
occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the
mouth.
neutral stimulus - *answers *in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before
conditioning
operant conditioning - *answers *a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
B.F. Skinner - *answers *Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by
training pigeons and rats
positive reinforcement - *answers *Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as
food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens
the response.
negative reinforcement - *answers *Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative
stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a
response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
, Cscc psy 1100 Exam 2
positive punishment - *answers *the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of
a behavior's recurring
negative punishment - *answers *the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a
behavior's recurring
Shaping - *answers *An operant conditioning in which something is learned gradually
observational learning - *answers *learning by observing others
insight learning - *answers *The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something
new by applying what is already known
learned helplessness - *answers *An organism's learning through experience with unavoidable
negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.
Concepts - *answers *a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototypes - *answers *A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we
associate with a category
Heuristic - *answers *an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down
the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb"
availability heuristic - *answers *estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability
in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume
such events are common
