WVIT 300 Final Exam Questions and
Answers- Cal Poly SLO
Enology - Answer-the science of viniculture (also oenology)
What is wine? - Answer-fermented juice of grapes (usually vitis vinifera) or other fruits
Wine alcohol content - Answer-14% or less (higher for "fortified" wines)
What standards must high quality grapes meet? - Answer-acidity
pH
sugar (brix)
color
aroma
flavor profiles
How many wineries are in the United States? - Answer-Over 6,000, with at least one in every state.
Why are wineries "bonded"? (5,000) - Answer-- bonds are legally required tax insurance policies.
,- cal poly is bonded!
Difference between red and white wines: - Answer-White grapes are crushed and pressed immediately,
and then juice is then fermented. (Crush, press, ferment)
Red grapes are crushed, but not pressed until the fermentation process is complete. (Crush, ferment,
press)
Pomace - Answer-seeds and skin after pressing
can be used as compost to add to soil, fed to farm animals, and can be distilled
Distilled pomace - Answer-"Pomace brandy" types
at least 38% ethanol
France - marc
Italy - grappa
Spain - Orujo
Chile/Peru - pisco
What is fermentation? - Answer-anaerobic respiration (means energy extraction without oxygen)
In wine, yeast ferments the sugars in the grape berries. then the sugar is transformed into ethyl alcohol
(ethanol aka EtOH) and CO2
What is sugar transformed into during the fermentation process? - Answer-Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and
carbon dioxide
, C6H12O6 ---> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
What two 6-carbon sugars (monosaccharides) are found in grape berries? - Answer-glucose and
fructose (about equal ratio)
How many ATP are extracted in fermentation? - Answer-2 ATPs (energy packets) per monosaccharide
(anaerobic)
Aerobic respiration - Answer-Respiration that requires oxygen and extracts 36 ATPs per
monosaccharide
All animal cells undergo this to process sugar
How many ATP are extracted in aerobic respiration? - Answer-36 ATP per monosaccharide
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) - Answer-(brewer's or baker's yeast)
is a facultative anaerobe - can perform both kinds of respiration (aerobic or anaerobic).
which kind of fermentation does Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) prefer? - Answer-it prefers anaerobic
respiration (only extracting 2 ATPs instead of 36) bc it provides a competitive advantage over other
microorganisms by producing ethanol - so they can keep other organisms out of the picture, all the
sugar for themselves
yeast - Answer-single celled fungi
Schwann (Germany, 1837) described yeast as "sugar fungus"
Answers- Cal Poly SLO
Enology - Answer-the science of viniculture (also oenology)
What is wine? - Answer-fermented juice of grapes (usually vitis vinifera) or other fruits
Wine alcohol content - Answer-14% or less (higher for "fortified" wines)
What standards must high quality grapes meet? - Answer-acidity
pH
sugar (brix)
color
aroma
flavor profiles
How many wineries are in the United States? - Answer-Over 6,000, with at least one in every state.
Why are wineries "bonded"? (5,000) - Answer-- bonds are legally required tax insurance policies.
,- cal poly is bonded!
Difference between red and white wines: - Answer-White grapes are crushed and pressed immediately,
and then juice is then fermented. (Crush, press, ferment)
Red grapes are crushed, but not pressed until the fermentation process is complete. (Crush, ferment,
press)
Pomace - Answer-seeds and skin after pressing
can be used as compost to add to soil, fed to farm animals, and can be distilled
Distilled pomace - Answer-"Pomace brandy" types
at least 38% ethanol
France - marc
Italy - grappa
Spain - Orujo
Chile/Peru - pisco
What is fermentation? - Answer-anaerobic respiration (means energy extraction without oxygen)
In wine, yeast ferments the sugars in the grape berries. then the sugar is transformed into ethyl alcohol
(ethanol aka EtOH) and CO2
What is sugar transformed into during the fermentation process? - Answer-Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and
carbon dioxide
, C6H12O6 ---> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
What two 6-carbon sugars (monosaccharides) are found in grape berries? - Answer-glucose and
fructose (about equal ratio)
How many ATP are extracted in fermentation? - Answer-2 ATPs (energy packets) per monosaccharide
(anaerobic)
Aerobic respiration - Answer-Respiration that requires oxygen and extracts 36 ATPs per
monosaccharide
All animal cells undergo this to process sugar
How many ATP are extracted in aerobic respiration? - Answer-36 ATP per monosaccharide
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) - Answer-(brewer's or baker's yeast)
is a facultative anaerobe - can perform both kinds of respiration (aerobic or anaerobic).
which kind of fermentation does Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) prefer? - Answer-it prefers anaerobic
respiration (only extracting 2 ATPs instead of 36) bc it provides a competitive advantage over other
microorganisms by producing ethanol - so they can keep other organisms out of the picture, all the
sugar for themselves
yeast - Answer-single celled fungi
Schwann (Germany, 1837) described yeast as "sugar fungus"
