Genetics - Analysis and Principles Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Genetics - Analysis and Principles Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Genetic variation refers to - Answers differences between members of the same species or those of different species Allelic variations are due to - Answers mutations in particular genes Chromosomal aberrations are substantial changes in chromosome structure - Answers These typically affect 1+ gene. They're also called chromosomal mutations A change in chromosome number is called a - Answers genome mutation. It's the result of changes in # of: Sets of chromosomes OR #s of individual chromosomes in a set VARIATION IN CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE - Answers The study of chromosomal variation is important for several reasons The study of chromosomal variation is important for several reasons: 1.Can have big effects on phenotype of an.. - Answers organism 2.Can have big effects on phenotype of offspring of an organism 3. Been important in evolution of species Cytogenetics - Answers The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes Cytogeneticist - Answers examines the chromosomal composition of a particular cell/organism Cytogeneticist allows - Answers detection of individuals with abnormal chromosome #/ structure. Also provides a way to distinguish between species Cytogeneticists use 3 main features to identify & classify chromosomes - Answers 1. Sizen 2. Location of the centromere n 3. Banding patterns These features are all seen in a - Answers Karyotype Cytogenetics: For detailed identification, chromosomes are ... - Answers treated with stains to produce characteristic banding patterns. e.g G-banding G-banding:Chromosomes are exposed to dye Giemsa.Some regions bind dye... - Answers heavily(Dark bands).Some don't bind stain well(Light bands). Humans(300G bands-in metaphase&2000G bands - prophase) Cytogenetics The banding pattern is useful in several ways: - Answers 1.Distinguishes Individual chromosomes from each other 2. Detects change in chromosome structure Cytogenetics The banding pattern is useful in several ways: 3. - Answers Reveals evolutionary relationships among chromosomes of closely-related species Mutations Can Alter Chromosome Structure - Answers There are 2 primary ways in which structure of chromosomes can be altered There are 2 primary ways in which structure of chromosomes can be altered - Answers 1.Total amount of genetic info in chromosome can change 2.Genetic material remains same, but is rearranged 1. Total amount of genetic info in the chromosome can change - Answers Deficiencies/Deletions and Duplications The genetic material remains the same, but is rearranged - Answers Inversions and Translocations Deficiency (or deletion) and Duplication - Answers Def:loss of a chromosomal segment. Dup:repetition of a chromosome segment compared to normal parent chromosome Inversionn and Translocation - Answers Inv:change in genetic material direction along 1 chromosome. Tra-1 chromosome segment becomes attached to a different chromosome Translocation - Answers Simple translocations (1 way transfer). Reciprocal translocations(2 way transfer) Deficiencies - Answers A chromosomal deficiency occurs when a chromosome breaks & a fragment is lost Deficiencies: The phenotypic consequences of deficiencies depends on the - Answers