BIOH111 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Organelles are
ORGANISED STRUCTURES WITHIN A CELL, EACH WITH A FUNCTION
Lysosome
Membrane enclosed vesicle, digests waste products and recycles for reuse
Golgi apparatus
Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other, modifies, packages and distributes
proteins
Mitochondria
Spherical, enclosed by double membrane, site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is
available
Gene expression
Central dogma which involves transcription and translation to replicate DNA and
synthesise proteins
Cellular processes of Central Dogma
Central Dogma involves transcription and then translation
Transcription
process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence in RNA
Translation
,Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Steps of transcription
initiation: RNA polymerase binds to a specific base sequence on one strand of DNA
Elongation; RNA polymerase builds RNA on the template strand by adding bases in the
5` prime to 3` prime direction
Termination: RNA and RNA polymerase falls off upon reaching a termination sequence
Steps of translation
Initiation: tRNA anticodon reads mRNA
Elongation: mRNA is used as a template for ribosome to translate codons into
anticodons on tRNA, building polypeptide chain
Termination: ribosome encounters STOP codon signalling release of polypeptide chain
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
cell junctions
connections between cells that hold the cells together as a unit, anchor basement
membrane and connective tissue
Tight junctions
Two adjacent cell membranes fused with transmembrane proteins, provide water tight
seal
Desmosomes junctions
adjacent plasma membranes, plaque, cadherins, keratin; provides cell to cell stability
Hemidesmosomes
, plasma membrane attached to basement membrane, plaque, keratin and integrins; cell
to membrane stability
connective tissue
consists of cells and ECM
Cells
Immature cells which secrete ECM
ECM
Collagen and elastic fibres
Loose adipose tissue
Adipocytes which store fat; reduces heat loss, provides protection, energy reserve
Dense irregular tissue
fibroblasts distributed randomly throughout, collagen fibres; provides strength
Epithelial membranes
thin sheets of tissue lining the internal and external surfaces of the body; serous,
mucous, cutaneous
Serous membrane
Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body; simple
squamous cells, allows organs to glide; found in pleural cavity
Mucous membrane
goblet cells, prevents cavities from drying out, lines bodies open to the outside; found in
excretory passages
Synovial membrane
lines freely moveable joints, produce fluid which makes the joint slippery
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Organelles are
ORGANISED STRUCTURES WITHIN A CELL, EACH WITH A FUNCTION
Lysosome
Membrane enclosed vesicle, digests waste products and recycles for reuse
Golgi apparatus
Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other, modifies, packages and distributes
proteins
Mitochondria
Spherical, enclosed by double membrane, site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is
available
Gene expression
Central dogma which involves transcription and translation to replicate DNA and
synthesise proteins
Cellular processes of Central Dogma
Central Dogma involves transcription and then translation
Transcription
process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence in RNA
Translation
,Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Steps of transcription
initiation: RNA polymerase binds to a specific base sequence on one strand of DNA
Elongation; RNA polymerase builds RNA on the template strand by adding bases in the
5` prime to 3` prime direction
Termination: RNA and RNA polymerase falls off upon reaching a termination sequence
Steps of translation
Initiation: tRNA anticodon reads mRNA
Elongation: mRNA is used as a template for ribosome to translate codons into
anticodons on tRNA, building polypeptide chain
Termination: ribosome encounters STOP codon signalling release of polypeptide chain
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
cell junctions
connections between cells that hold the cells together as a unit, anchor basement
membrane and connective tissue
Tight junctions
Two adjacent cell membranes fused with transmembrane proteins, provide water tight
seal
Desmosomes junctions
adjacent plasma membranes, plaque, cadherins, keratin; provides cell to cell stability
Hemidesmosomes
, plasma membrane attached to basement membrane, plaque, keratin and integrins; cell
to membrane stability
connective tissue
consists of cells and ECM
Cells
Immature cells which secrete ECM
ECM
Collagen and elastic fibres
Loose adipose tissue
Adipocytes which store fat; reduces heat loss, provides protection, energy reserve
Dense irregular tissue
fibroblasts distributed randomly throughout, collagen fibres; provides strength
Epithelial membranes
thin sheets of tissue lining the internal and external surfaces of the body; serous,
mucous, cutaneous
Serous membrane
Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body; simple
squamous cells, allows organs to glide; found in pleural cavity
Mucous membrane
goblet cells, prevents cavities from drying out, lines bodies open to the outside; found in
excretory passages
Synovial membrane
lines freely moveable joints, produce fluid which makes the joint slippery
