N5315 EXAM 4 MODULE 10 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
calcium and phosphorus physiologic relationship
regulated by 3 hormones: PTH, vit D, calcitonin
They are interrelated
Renal disease and the alteration of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
Anatomy and physiology of the kidney
Renal capsule: outer most portion of the kidney
Renal cortex: directly below the renal capsule between the medullary pyramids
Renal medulla: pyramids shaped
Renal pelvis: gives a rise to the which. Extents to the bladder
Kidney structure
Renal capsule: outer most portion of the kidney
Renal cortex: directly below the renal capsule between the medullary pyramids
Renal medulla: pyramids shaped
Renal pelvis: gives a rise to the which. Extents to the bladder
Nephron structure
3 main functional parts:
-glomerulus: collection of capillaries which receives blood from the renal artery and
responsible for filtering blood
,-bowman's capsule: encases the glomerulus and extends to form the tubule system
-tubular system: proximal tubule reabsorbs all the glucose and amino acids; ascending
loop of Henle and descending loop of Henle; collecting tubule
Glomerular filtration
Blood is filtered through pedicels which wrap around the glomerular capillaries and
leave slits through them
Filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 125 ml/min
Tubular transportation
Loop of Henle
Ascending loop of henle: actively absorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride. It induces
the reabsorption of magnesium and calcium and is impermeable to water = urine more
dilute
Descending loop of Henle: impermeable to Na, passively reabsorbs water and
concentrates urine.
Distal convoluted tubules
Parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption.
Renal blood vessels renal blood floow
Renal arteries branch off the abdominal aorta and go into the kidneys and become
afferent arteriole of the glomerulus and form the glomerular arterioles.
, Peritubular capillaries connect to the venous system and then with the inferior vena
cava
Autoregulation
Renal blood flow is regulated by a variety of auto regulatory process that affects the
amount of blood which flows to the kidneys and also the rate of filtration
Neural regulation
Hormone regulation
Concentration and dilution of the urine process
Water, Na, Cl
Catecholamine
Renin -> plasma protein to angiotensin to angiotensin I -> release of angiotensin
converting enzyme (ACE) —> converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II -> stimulates
vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to help increase glomerular back pressure to
increase GFR -> stimulates aldosterone (hormone of Na regulation that signals the
collecting ducts in the nephron to reabsorb Na.
Increase Na load = increase water retention = increase blood volume, bp, and GFR
Antidiuretic hormone
Release renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, stimulating the kidney to retain water
and sodium
Natriuretic peptides
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
calcium and phosphorus physiologic relationship
regulated by 3 hormones: PTH, vit D, calcitonin
They are interrelated
Renal disease and the alteration of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
Anatomy and physiology of the kidney
Renal capsule: outer most portion of the kidney
Renal cortex: directly below the renal capsule between the medullary pyramids
Renal medulla: pyramids shaped
Renal pelvis: gives a rise to the which. Extents to the bladder
Kidney structure
Renal capsule: outer most portion of the kidney
Renal cortex: directly below the renal capsule between the medullary pyramids
Renal medulla: pyramids shaped
Renal pelvis: gives a rise to the which. Extents to the bladder
Nephron structure
3 main functional parts:
-glomerulus: collection of capillaries which receives blood from the renal artery and
responsible for filtering blood
,-bowman's capsule: encases the glomerulus and extends to form the tubule system
-tubular system: proximal tubule reabsorbs all the glucose and amino acids; ascending
loop of Henle and descending loop of Henle; collecting tubule
Glomerular filtration
Blood is filtered through pedicels which wrap around the glomerular capillaries and
leave slits through them
Filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 125 ml/min
Tubular transportation
Loop of Henle
Ascending loop of henle: actively absorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride. It induces
the reabsorption of magnesium and calcium and is impermeable to water = urine more
dilute
Descending loop of Henle: impermeable to Na, passively reabsorbs water and
concentrates urine.
Distal convoluted tubules
Parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption.
Renal blood vessels renal blood floow
Renal arteries branch off the abdominal aorta and go into the kidneys and become
afferent arteriole of the glomerulus and form the glomerular arterioles.
, Peritubular capillaries connect to the venous system and then with the inferior vena
cava
Autoregulation
Renal blood flow is regulated by a variety of auto regulatory process that affects the
amount of blood which flows to the kidneys and also the rate of filtration
Neural regulation
Hormone regulation
Concentration and dilution of the urine process
Water, Na, Cl
Catecholamine
Renin -> plasma protein to angiotensin to angiotensin I -> release of angiotensin
converting enzyme (ACE) —> converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II -> stimulates
vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to help increase glomerular back pressure to
increase GFR -> stimulates aldosterone (hormone of Na regulation that signals the
collecting ducts in the nephron to reabsorb Na.
Increase Na load = increase water retention = increase blood volume, bp, and GFR
Antidiuretic hormone
Release renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, stimulating the kidney to retain water
and sodium
Natriuretic peptides
