1) Word derivation and definition of pathology
Ans: Pathology Word is derived from -Greek word,
Patho: suffering,
Logos: study
Definition
• Pathology is scientific study of changes in the structure and function of the body in disease.
Need for study: (LAD)
• Learning clinical subjects.
• Assist doctor in treatment.
• Diagnosis of disease.
Divisions of pathology: (GS)
• General Pathology
• Systemic Pathology
General pathology:
Morphological branches: here, use of microscope as an essential tool. (HC)
• Histopathology
• Hematology
• Cytopathology
Non morphological branches: (ICM)
• Clinical pathology - csf
• Clinical biochemistry -serum
• Microbiology -culture
• Immunology -immunochemistry
• Medical genetic –chromosome analysis
• Molecular pathology-pcr
, 2) Cell injury
• Definition: Cell injury is defined as, the effect of stress due to etiologic agents a cell
encounters resulting in changes in its internal and external environment.
• Etiology of cell injury;
• Genetic causes
• Acquired causes.
– Hypoxia/ ischemia
– Physical agents
– Chemical agents-arsenic
– Microbial agents-virus
– Immunological agents- hypersensitivity
– Nutritional agents- obesity, marasmus
– Ageing
– Psychogenic -alcoholism
– Itrogenic
– idiopathic
physical agents- Physical agents in causation of disease are:
• Mechanical Trauma (e.g. Road Accidents)
• Thermal Trauma (e.g. By Heat And Cold)
• Electricity
• Radiation (e.g. Ultraviolet And Ionizing)
• Necrosis
• Apoptosis
• Rapid Changes in atmospheric pressure
,
, 3) Adaptation:
• Hyperplasia : An increase in the number of
cells
• Dysplasia: atypical hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy: An increase in the size of cells,
• Atrophy : reduction of cell size
• Metaplasia: one adult cell type is replaced by
another adult cell type.
Ans: Pathology Word is derived from -Greek word,
Patho: suffering,
Logos: study
Definition
• Pathology is scientific study of changes in the structure and function of the body in disease.
Need for study: (LAD)
• Learning clinical subjects.
• Assist doctor in treatment.
• Diagnosis of disease.
Divisions of pathology: (GS)
• General Pathology
• Systemic Pathology
General pathology:
Morphological branches: here, use of microscope as an essential tool. (HC)
• Histopathology
• Hematology
• Cytopathology
Non morphological branches: (ICM)
• Clinical pathology - csf
• Clinical biochemistry -serum
• Microbiology -culture
• Immunology -immunochemistry
• Medical genetic –chromosome analysis
• Molecular pathology-pcr
, 2) Cell injury
• Definition: Cell injury is defined as, the effect of stress due to etiologic agents a cell
encounters resulting in changes in its internal and external environment.
• Etiology of cell injury;
• Genetic causes
• Acquired causes.
– Hypoxia/ ischemia
– Physical agents
– Chemical agents-arsenic
– Microbial agents-virus
– Immunological agents- hypersensitivity
– Nutritional agents- obesity, marasmus
– Ageing
– Psychogenic -alcoholism
– Itrogenic
– idiopathic
physical agents- Physical agents in causation of disease are:
• Mechanical Trauma (e.g. Road Accidents)
• Thermal Trauma (e.g. By Heat And Cold)
• Electricity
• Radiation (e.g. Ultraviolet And Ionizing)
• Necrosis
• Apoptosis
• Rapid Changes in atmospheric pressure
,
, 3) Adaptation:
• Hyperplasia : An increase in the number of
cells
• Dysplasia: atypical hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy: An increase in the size of cells,
• Atrophy : reduction of cell size
• Metaplasia: one adult cell type is replaced by
another adult cell type.
