NSC 350 FINAL EXAM--CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY, AND DEATH (LECTURE 2) EXAM 2025

NSC 350 FINAL EXAM--CELLULAR ADAPTATION,
INJURY, AND DEATH (LECTURE 2) EXAM 2025


What causes damage to cells? Etiology - ✅✅✅CORRECT --physical forces

-temperature

-chemical

-radiation

-biologic

-metabolic



Physical Forces - ✅✅✅CORRECT --Static

-Dynamic (impact and impulsive)



Static - ✅✅✅CORRECT -Body at rest



Dynamic - ✅✅✅CORRECT -body or object moving

-impact: direct force. ex: head hitting a steering wheel

-impulsive: inertia. ex: injury to spinal cord



Chemical Forces - ✅✅✅CORRECT --Drugs

-Ethyl alcohol (ETOH)

-methyl alcohol (moonshine

-Metals

-industrial chemicals



Give examples of contamination:

-environmental:

-metals - ✅✅✅CORRECT --environmental: venom, fertilization, pollution

, -metals: fish/seafood, lead



Radiation - ✅✅✅CORRECT --ionizing

-non-ionizing

-ultraviolet



Ionizing - ✅✅✅CORRECT --Gamma (used during surgery)

-X-rays



Non-ionizing - ✅✅✅CORRECT --ultrasound, microwave, laser

-thermal injury to skin, SQ tissue



Ultraviolet - ✅✅✅CORRECT --sunburn

-tanning beds



Biologic Injuries - ✅✅✅CORRECT --infectious agents

-ongoing reproduction

-Viruses (damage DNA, RNA)

-Bacteria (endotoxins, exotoxins)



Exotoxins - ✅✅✅CORRECT --proteins produced during growth of bacteria

-interferes with enzyme function of many cell structures

-causes cell DEATH

-numerous clinical effects



What produces exotoxins? - ✅✅✅CORRECT --strep pyogenes

-Staph aureus

-Clostridium tetani

-Tonsillitis