1. Research Methods Sample Question
Q: Describe and evaluate the use of laboratory experiments in psychological research. (8 marks)
Model Answer
AO1: Description (4 marks)
A laboratory experiment is a controlled method of investigation in which an independent variable (IV) is
manipulated to observe its effect on a dependent variable (DV). These experiments are conducted in a
highly controlled environment, allowing researchers to minimize extraneous variables.
An example of a famous laboratory experiment is Milgram’s study on obedience, where electric shocks
were used to test authority compliance.
AO3: Evaluation (4 marks)
One strength of laboratory experiments is their high internal validity. The controlled setting ensures that
extraneous variables are minimized, making it easier to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
However, a major weakness is their low ecological validity. Since lab experiments take place in artificial
settings, findings may not generalize well to real-life situations. Participants may also display demand
characteristics, altering their behavior based on perceived expectations.
Overall, while laboratory experiments provide reliable and replicable data, their applicability to real-
world scenarios remains a limitation.
2. Aggression Sample Question
Q: Outline and evaluate the role of genetic factors in aggression. (16 marks)
Model Answer
AO1: Description (6 marks)
Genetic explanations suggest that aggression is inherited through genes that influence brain function.
Studies on twins indicate that aggression has a strong genetic component, with monozygotic (MZ) twins
showing higher concordance rates than dizygotic (DZ) twins.
The MAOA gene, also known as the “warrior gene,” has been linked to aggressive behavior. Low levels
of MAOA enzyme result in excessive neurotransmitter buildup, leading to impulsive aggression.
AO3: Evaluation (10 marks)
Support for the genetic basis of aggression comes from twin and adoption studies. For example,
McGuffin and Gottesman (1985) found that MZ twins had a higher concordance rate for aggression than
DZ twins, suggesting a hereditary link.
However, genetic explanations are reductionist as they ignore environmental influences such as
upbringing and social learning. Bandura’s social learning theory suggests aggression is learned through
observation and imitation rather than purely genetics.
Q: Describe and evaluate the use of laboratory experiments in psychological research. (8 marks)
Model Answer
AO1: Description (4 marks)
A laboratory experiment is a controlled method of investigation in which an independent variable (IV) is
manipulated to observe its effect on a dependent variable (DV). These experiments are conducted in a
highly controlled environment, allowing researchers to minimize extraneous variables.
An example of a famous laboratory experiment is Milgram’s study on obedience, where electric shocks
were used to test authority compliance.
AO3: Evaluation (4 marks)
One strength of laboratory experiments is their high internal validity. The controlled setting ensures that
extraneous variables are minimized, making it easier to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
However, a major weakness is their low ecological validity. Since lab experiments take place in artificial
settings, findings may not generalize well to real-life situations. Participants may also display demand
characteristics, altering their behavior based on perceived expectations.
Overall, while laboratory experiments provide reliable and replicable data, their applicability to real-
world scenarios remains a limitation.
2. Aggression Sample Question
Q: Outline and evaluate the role of genetic factors in aggression. (16 marks)
Model Answer
AO1: Description (6 marks)
Genetic explanations suggest that aggression is inherited through genes that influence brain function.
Studies on twins indicate that aggression has a strong genetic component, with monozygotic (MZ) twins
showing higher concordance rates than dizygotic (DZ) twins.
The MAOA gene, also known as the “warrior gene,” has been linked to aggressive behavior. Low levels
of MAOA enzyme result in excessive neurotransmitter buildup, leading to impulsive aggression.
AO3: Evaluation (10 marks)
Support for the genetic basis of aggression comes from twin and adoption studies. For example,
McGuffin and Gottesman (1985) found that MZ twins had a higher concordance rate for aggression than
DZ twins, suggesting a hereditary link.
However, genetic explanations are reductionist as they ignore environmental influences such as
upbringing and social learning. Bandura’s social learning theory suggests aggression is learned through
observation and imitation rather than purely genetics.
