LSAT UPDATED PREP EXAM
Logical reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅How the evidence helps or fails to help a
conclusion, read prompt first to identify question type.
Logical reasoning tests your understanding between any conclusions and their supporting
evidence
Methods in logical reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Look for obvious conclusion
in the stimulus
2. Visually frame the relationship between any conclusions and their supporting evidence
Logical reasoning asks 1 or 3 things: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Examine the
implications of the data- implication family
2. Manipulate the argument- operation family
3. Analyze the argument- characterization family
Implication family - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Requires you to look for implications of an
argument using given facts.
Question types: must be true, might be true, must be false, probably inferred
Stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Assume everything that is stated is true. Do not bring
in outside information and bias
Operation family - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Flip side of implication questions.
Answer choices are taken as true and the correct answer if true will affect the stimulus.
Question types include: strengthen/weaken, crux, necessary/sufficient assumption, resolve,
explain
Characterization family - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Describe or characterize what the
stimulus is doing. Stimulus gives an argument. Prompt asks you to pick an answer choice that
,accurately describes something about it or mirrors us. Understanding the stimulus is vital. Find
main point, describe how author reaches conclusion, describe what is wrong with position
presented, describe a point of disagreement between two speakers. Flaw questions. Find the
answer that identifies in the argument
Intro to reading comprehension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Section that has the most
questions, requires different reading skills and techniques.
2 big structural elements: point of view and the author's role
Point of view - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1 pov: thesis passage
2 povs: antithesis passage
3 povs: synthesis passage
Author's role - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Is the author present or absent?
Own opinion: author present
Other people or group's view: author absent
Arguments proposition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Unit of assertion; declarative
statement. Every logical reasoning has at least one preposition. Usually contains an argument.
Prop being supported: conclusion
Prop providing support: premises
Conclusion indicators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This, therefore, hence, so, as a result,
consequently, it follows that, accordingly, clearly, it is clear that
Premise indicators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Since, because, for, after all, given that, as,
moreover, in addition
Assumptions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Something that must be true in order for the
conclusion to be proven by the premises
,Logical validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Valid- the conclusion must be true based on
the premises.
Invalid- if the truth of the premises does not guarantee the proof of the conclusion
Majority of lsat arguments are invalid
Contain at least one assumption
Conditional statements - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Absolute- asserts concrete facts
Condition- hypothetical relationship, rather than a concrete facts; usually of then statements
Valid inferences - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Valid affirmation- affirming sufficient
condition than necessary condition
2. Contrapositive- necessary for the condition to be true
Invalid inferences - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Fallacy of the converse- when you
converse the conditions
2. Fallacy of the inverse- negating both conditions
Conditional sufficient key words - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅If, when, whenever, all, any,
each every
Condition necessary key words - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Then, only, only if, only when,
needs, requires, must
Intro to ordering rules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Blocks- indicated the specific order of
variables
Divisions- indicated two variables that cannot be beside each other, less common than blocks
Options- indicates one space is restricted to two possible variables, limits the space, not the
variable. Can be pulled from deductions made with other rules
Arches- restricts variable
, Conditional rules- the truth of one condition guarantees the other, always take the contrapositive
Thesis passages - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅One point of view toward a subject presents a
lot of evidence supporting the thesis view.
Must properly identify the thesis view.
Thesis passages: thesis structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Present author- the main
point will be the authors view and primary purpose will be what the author is trying to do and
will lean more towards advocacy.
Author absent- main point captures the entire passage and primary purpose will be very neutral
and neutral answers for authors attitude questions
Logical force - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The measure of how strong a proposition is.
Small , easily-overlooked words frequently communicate the logical force of a statement
Modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The degree of necessity expressed by a proposition.
How certain it is that something will occur.
Weak modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Possibility, more than 0% chance
Key words: may, could, might, can, occasionally
Moderate modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Likely, more than 50% chance.
Key words: probably, likely, usually
Strong modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Necessity, 100% chance
Key words: will, must, definitely, always, is/are, necessarily, do/does
Quantification - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The proportion of a group that has a given
property. How many things have a certain quality?
Logical reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅How the evidence helps or fails to help a
conclusion, read prompt first to identify question type.
Logical reasoning tests your understanding between any conclusions and their supporting
evidence
Methods in logical reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Look for obvious conclusion
in the stimulus
2. Visually frame the relationship between any conclusions and their supporting evidence
Logical reasoning asks 1 or 3 things: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Examine the
implications of the data- implication family
2. Manipulate the argument- operation family
3. Analyze the argument- characterization family
Implication family - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Requires you to look for implications of an
argument using given facts.
Question types: must be true, might be true, must be false, probably inferred
Stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Assume everything that is stated is true. Do not bring
in outside information and bias
Operation family - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Flip side of implication questions.
Answer choices are taken as true and the correct answer if true will affect the stimulus.
Question types include: strengthen/weaken, crux, necessary/sufficient assumption, resolve,
explain
Characterization family - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Describe or characterize what the
stimulus is doing. Stimulus gives an argument. Prompt asks you to pick an answer choice that
,accurately describes something about it or mirrors us. Understanding the stimulus is vital. Find
main point, describe how author reaches conclusion, describe what is wrong with position
presented, describe a point of disagreement between two speakers. Flaw questions. Find the
answer that identifies in the argument
Intro to reading comprehension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Section that has the most
questions, requires different reading skills and techniques.
2 big structural elements: point of view and the author's role
Point of view - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1 pov: thesis passage
2 povs: antithesis passage
3 povs: synthesis passage
Author's role - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Is the author present or absent?
Own opinion: author present
Other people or group's view: author absent
Arguments proposition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Unit of assertion; declarative
statement. Every logical reasoning has at least one preposition. Usually contains an argument.
Prop being supported: conclusion
Prop providing support: premises
Conclusion indicators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This, therefore, hence, so, as a result,
consequently, it follows that, accordingly, clearly, it is clear that
Premise indicators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Since, because, for, after all, given that, as,
moreover, in addition
Assumptions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Something that must be true in order for the
conclusion to be proven by the premises
,Logical validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Valid- the conclusion must be true based on
the premises.
Invalid- if the truth of the premises does not guarantee the proof of the conclusion
Majority of lsat arguments are invalid
Contain at least one assumption
Conditional statements - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Absolute- asserts concrete facts
Condition- hypothetical relationship, rather than a concrete facts; usually of then statements
Valid inferences - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Valid affirmation- affirming sufficient
condition than necessary condition
2. Contrapositive- necessary for the condition to be true
Invalid inferences - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Fallacy of the converse- when you
converse the conditions
2. Fallacy of the inverse- negating both conditions
Conditional sufficient key words - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅If, when, whenever, all, any,
each every
Condition necessary key words - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Then, only, only if, only when,
needs, requires, must
Intro to ordering rules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Blocks- indicated the specific order of
variables
Divisions- indicated two variables that cannot be beside each other, less common than blocks
Options- indicates one space is restricted to two possible variables, limits the space, not the
variable. Can be pulled from deductions made with other rules
Arches- restricts variable
, Conditional rules- the truth of one condition guarantees the other, always take the contrapositive
Thesis passages - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅One point of view toward a subject presents a
lot of evidence supporting the thesis view.
Must properly identify the thesis view.
Thesis passages: thesis structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Present author- the main
point will be the authors view and primary purpose will be what the author is trying to do and
will lean more towards advocacy.
Author absent- main point captures the entire passage and primary purpose will be very neutral
and neutral answers for authors attitude questions
Logical force - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The measure of how strong a proposition is.
Small , easily-overlooked words frequently communicate the logical force of a statement
Modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The degree of necessity expressed by a proposition.
How certain it is that something will occur.
Weak modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Possibility, more than 0% chance
Key words: may, could, might, can, occasionally
Moderate modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Likely, more than 50% chance.
Key words: probably, likely, usually
Strong modality - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Necessity, 100% chance
Key words: will, must, definitely, always, is/are, necessarily, do/does
Quantification - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The proportion of a group that has a given
property. How many things have a certain quality?
