CSSD EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWEERS LATEST
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What energy systems produce energy anaerobically?
phosphocreatine system and anaerobic glycolysis system
What energy systems produce energy aerobically?
aerobic glycolysis, kreb cycle, and electron transport chain
Energy for exercise involves the ______ of ________ to fuel muscle contractions
energy for exercise involves hydrolysis of ATP to fuel muscle contractions
How do muscle contract?
Muscles contract through a series involving 1. electrical stimulation at the
neuromuscular junction 2. propagation of an action potential across the sarcolemme 3.
excitation contraction coupling (the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
and actin myosin crossbridge formation (creates tension) 4. the cycle continues wiht
muscle relaxation following reuptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
How many seconds of energy (ATP) is stored in the muscles?
8-10 seconds
The phosphocreatine system involves ........
the breakdown of Phosphocreatine (PCr) to Creatine (Cr) and free Phosphate (P) The P
combines with ADP in the cell to generate ATP
Phosphocreatine (PCr) is stored in the
skeletal muscle
Phosphocreatine (PCr) can be consumed via
muscle foods such as beef, pork and fish
The theory behind creatine supplementation is
that boosting Cr stores may enhance rapid ATP production and generation
One reason the Phophocreatine System produces energy so quickly is that ....
it occurs when oxygen is not present it is an anaerobic process
The glycolytic system uses what kind of substrates in metabolism?
carbohydrate substrates
Carbohydrates are available in the _______ in the form of ______
carbohydrates are available in the blood in the form of glucose
carbohydrates are stored in the _____ and ____ in the form of ____
carbs are stored in the liver and muscle in the form of glycogen
the glycolytic system can produce energy in ____ and ____ environments
the glycolytic system can produce energy in anaerobic and aerobic environments
Anaerobically glycolysis can produce ATP for approximately ______ to ___
minutes
Anaerobically glycolysis can produce ATP for approximately 1 to 3 minutes
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of ___ ATP in anaerobic environments
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of _2 ATP in anaerobic environments
Aerobically when oxygen is available glycolysis can produce ATP for _______
,Aerobically when oxygen is available glycolysis can produce ATP for longer than an
hour
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of ____ to _____ ATP in aerobic
environments
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of __32__ to ___38_ ATP in aerobic
environments
Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP through a pathway ending at ____
Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP through a pathway ending at pyruvate
Anarobic glycolysis produces
Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP, NADH production and Hydrogren ions (H+)
hydrogen ions (H+) have two fates, what are they?
hydrogen ions produced by anaerobic glycolysis can either combine with pyruvate to
form lactate or are oxidized by the electron transport chain (ETC)
what is the fate of lactate?
lactate can be recycled as a glycolytic substrate via the cori cycle
the cori cycle takes place in the ________
the cori cycle takes place in the liver
What is the lactate threshold?
the lactate threshold is when the production of hydrogen ions exceeds the livers
capacity of the liver to clear lactate and when pruduction of lactate exceeds clearance
this is when the lactate threshold occurs
how does lactate threshold improve?
lactate threshold improves with high intensity exercise training which allows individuals
to work longer at a higher level
When oxygen is available in the _________ this process occurs to help provide
energy. Why is this the case?
When oxygen is available in the mitochondira aerobic glycolysis occurs because
pyruvate is no loner the end point but rather it is converted to acetyl coa which allows it
to enter the krebs cycle
ATP is produced via the kreb cycle via
ATP is produced via the krebs cycle through a series of phosphorylation reactions
____ and ______ are electron carrying compounds produced in the ______. They
enter the ______ where more ATP is generated through a series of ___________
NADH and FADH are electron carrying compounds produced in the KRebs cycle. They
enter the electron transport chain where more ATP is generated through a series of
oxidation reduction reactions
This macronutrient serves as another substrate for aerobic energy production
Fat serves as another substrate for aerobic energy production
This type of metabolism is when fat is used as a substrate for aerobic energy
production
Oxidative metabolism is when fat serves as another substrate for aerobic energy
production
Through a process called _________ triglycerides are broken down into __ and
____
Through a process called Beta-Oxidation, triglycerides are broken down into glycerol
and individual fatty acids
, individual fatty acids often come in _ to _ chains
individual fatty acids often come in 16 to 24 carbon chains
How does oxidative metabolism occur?
Through a process called beta oxidation triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and
indivudal fatty acids and ultimately 2 carbon units that enter the krebs cycle as acetyl
coa result in abundant energy production (approximately 300-400 ATP depending on
fatty acid length)
the _______ of triglycerides is energy producing in itself as it is shuttled through
glycolysis
the glycerol backbone of triglycerides is energy producing in itself as it is shuttled
through glycolysis
which macronutrients are necessary for the kreb cycle to continue?
fat can fuel exercise for long periods of time but it is important to note that carbs are
necessary for the krebs cycle to continue
protein contributes __ to _ of overall energy production
protein is only a minor contributor to energy production about 2 to 6% of overall energy
production
protein is more likely to be used as fuel when?
protein is more likely to be used as fuel in very long (over 3 hours) exercise or when
carbs are depleted
How does protein produce energy?
After the removal of an amine group via transamination or deanimation protein's
carbons can enter energy metabolism in the krebs cycle, pyruvate (the end of
glycolysis) or via conversion back to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
substrate utilization depends on exercise ______ and ______
substrate utilization depends on exercise intensity and duration
At rest and lower intensity activity the body depends primarily on ___ for fuel
At rest and lower intensity activity the body depends primarily on fat for fuel
The greater the exercise intensity the higher the reliance on __ for energy
production
The greater the exercise intensity the higher the reliance on carbohydrates for energy
production
Crossover concept or crossover principle refers to
Crossover concept or crossover principle refers to the point when exercise reaches an
intensity when preferred fuel shifts from fat to CHO
At a constant intensity (joggy at 70% Vo2 max for example) the longer one
exercises the greater the dependency on the ________ energy system
At a constant intensity (joggy at 70% Vo2 max for example) the longer one exercises
the greater the dependency on the aerobic energy system
________ and ___ are the main energy substrates for aerobic energy production
carbs and fat are the main energy substrates for aerobic energy production
As exercise continues and carbohydrate stores begin to deplete there is a greater
dependency on ___
As exercise continues and carbohydrate stores begin to deplete there is a greater
dependency on fat
Some ________ is required for the breakdown of fat. Why is this the case?
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What energy systems produce energy anaerobically?
phosphocreatine system and anaerobic glycolysis system
What energy systems produce energy aerobically?
aerobic glycolysis, kreb cycle, and electron transport chain
Energy for exercise involves the ______ of ________ to fuel muscle contractions
energy for exercise involves hydrolysis of ATP to fuel muscle contractions
How do muscle contract?
Muscles contract through a series involving 1. electrical stimulation at the
neuromuscular junction 2. propagation of an action potential across the sarcolemme 3.
excitation contraction coupling (the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
and actin myosin crossbridge formation (creates tension) 4. the cycle continues wiht
muscle relaxation following reuptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
How many seconds of energy (ATP) is stored in the muscles?
8-10 seconds
The phosphocreatine system involves ........
the breakdown of Phosphocreatine (PCr) to Creatine (Cr) and free Phosphate (P) The P
combines with ADP in the cell to generate ATP
Phosphocreatine (PCr) is stored in the
skeletal muscle
Phosphocreatine (PCr) can be consumed via
muscle foods such as beef, pork and fish
The theory behind creatine supplementation is
that boosting Cr stores may enhance rapid ATP production and generation
One reason the Phophocreatine System produces energy so quickly is that ....
it occurs when oxygen is not present it is an anaerobic process
The glycolytic system uses what kind of substrates in metabolism?
carbohydrate substrates
Carbohydrates are available in the _______ in the form of ______
carbohydrates are available in the blood in the form of glucose
carbohydrates are stored in the _____ and ____ in the form of ____
carbs are stored in the liver and muscle in the form of glycogen
the glycolytic system can produce energy in ____ and ____ environments
the glycolytic system can produce energy in anaerobic and aerobic environments
Anaerobically glycolysis can produce ATP for approximately ______ to ___
minutes
Anaerobically glycolysis can produce ATP for approximately 1 to 3 minutes
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of ___ ATP in anaerobic environments
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of _2 ATP in anaerobic environments
Aerobically when oxygen is available glycolysis can produce ATP for _______
,Aerobically when oxygen is available glycolysis can produce ATP for longer than an
hour
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of ____ to _____ ATP in aerobic
environments
1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of __32__ to ___38_ ATP in aerobic
environments
Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP through a pathway ending at ____
Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP through a pathway ending at pyruvate
Anarobic glycolysis produces
Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP, NADH production and Hydrogren ions (H+)
hydrogen ions (H+) have two fates, what are they?
hydrogen ions produced by anaerobic glycolysis can either combine with pyruvate to
form lactate or are oxidized by the electron transport chain (ETC)
what is the fate of lactate?
lactate can be recycled as a glycolytic substrate via the cori cycle
the cori cycle takes place in the ________
the cori cycle takes place in the liver
What is the lactate threshold?
the lactate threshold is when the production of hydrogen ions exceeds the livers
capacity of the liver to clear lactate and when pruduction of lactate exceeds clearance
this is when the lactate threshold occurs
how does lactate threshold improve?
lactate threshold improves with high intensity exercise training which allows individuals
to work longer at a higher level
When oxygen is available in the _________ this process occurs to help provide
energy. Why is this the case?
When oxygen is available in the mitochondira aerobic glycolysis occurs because
pyruvate is no loner the end point but rather it is converted to acetyl coa which allows it
to enter the krebs cycle
ATP is produced via the kreb cycle via
ATP is produced via the krebs cycle through a series of phosphorylation reactions
____ and ______ are electron carrying compounds produced in the ______. They
enter the ______ where more ATP is generated through a series of ___________
NADH and FADH are electron carrying compounds produced in the KRebs cycle. They
enter the electron transport chain where more ATP is generated through a series of
oxidation reduction reactions
This macronutrient serves as another substrate for aerobic energy production
Fat serves as another substrate for aerobic energy production
This type of metabolism is when fat is used as a substrate for aerobic energy
production
Oxidative metabolism is when fat serves as another substrate for aerobic energy
production
Through a process called _________ triglycerides are broken down into __ and
____
Through a process called Beta-Oxidation, triglycerides are broken down into glycerol
and individual fatty acids
, individual fatty acids often come in _ to _ chains
individual fatty acids often come in 16 to 24 carbon chains
How does oxidative metabolism occur?
Through a process called beta oxidation triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and
indivudal fatty acids and ultimately 2 carbon units that enter the krebs cycle as acetyl
coa result in abundant energy production (approximately 300-400 ATP depending on
fatty acid length)
the _______ of triglycerides is energy producing in itself as it is shuttled through
glycolysis
the glycerol backbone of triglycerides is energy producing in itself as it is shuttled
through glycolysis
which macronutrients are necessary for the kreb cycle to continue?
fat can fuel exercise for long periods of time but it is important to note that carbs are
necessary for the krebs cycle to continue
protein contributes __ to _ of overall energy production
protein is only a minor contributor to energy production about 2 to 6% of overall energy
production
protein is more likely to be used as fuel when?
protein is more likely to be used as fuel in very long (over 3 hours) exercise or when
carbs are depleted
How does protein produce energy?
After the removal of an amine group via transamination or deanimation protein's
carbons can enter energy metabolism in the krebs cycle, pyruvate (the end of
glycolysis) or via conversion back to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
substrate utilization depends on exercise ______ and ______
substrate utilization depends on exercise intensity and duration
At rest and lower intensity activity the body depends primarily on ___ for fuel
At rest and lower intensity activity the body depends primarily on fat for fuel
The greater the exercise intensity the higher the reliance on __ for energy
production
The greater the exercise intensity the higher the reliance on carbohydrates for energy
production
Crossover concept or crossover principle refers to
Crossover concept or crossover principle refers to the point when exercise reaches an
intensity when preferred fuel shifts from fat to CHO
At a constant intensity (joggy at 70% Vo2 max for example) the longer one
exercises the greater the dependency on the ________ energy system
At a constant intensity (joggy at 70% Vo2 max for example) the longer one exercises
the greater the dependency on the aerobic energy system
________ and ___ are the main energy substrates for aerobic energy production
carbs and fat are the main energy substrates for aerobic energy production
As exercise continues and carbohydrate stores begin to deplete there is a greater
dependency on ___
As exercise continues and carbohydrate stores begin to deplete there is a greater
dependency on fat
Some ________ is required for the breakdown of fat. Why is this the case?
