CSSD EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWEERS LATEST
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What is ATP made up of?
Nitrogenous purine base
Pentose sugar
Three phosphates
How does the power to perform "work" occur?
ATP is released --> activates muscle contraction by transferring energy from ATP to
actin and myosin
How does resynthesis of ATP occur? Specifically what systems are involved?
From creatine phosphate (CP/PCr/phosphocreatine) through the phosphates system,
anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism
Every muscle contraction requires _________________.
ATP
What does the contribution of each metabolic system depend on?
Demand
Oxygen availability
What are the 4 factors that determine fuel source?
Intensity
Duration
Level of training
Diet
What are the 4 major fuel sources?
Glycogen
Glucose
Intramuscular triglycerides
Plasma free fatty acids
Can amino acids from protein breakdown be used for fuel?
Yes, but are conserved at all costs.
Where is PC stored?
In skeletal muscle
The ATP-phosphocreatine system is part of what system?
Anaerobic system
When is the ATP-phosphocreatine system needed?
During high intensity and explosive movements
What does the ATP-phosphocreatine system provide?
Rapid source of ATP lasting only a few seconds at a time
What is the equation for the ATP-phosphocreatine system?
PC --(creatine kinase) -> Cr + Pi + Energy
What is the only anaerobic fuel source? Where does it come from?
Glucose - dietary intake, stored glucose
What type of exercise is glucose for during anaerobic glycolysis?
Continuous, intense activity for the first few minutes
What is the equation for anaerobic glycolysis?
, 1 6C glucose --> 2 3C pyruvates
Pyruvate converts to lactate
What does the conversion of pyruvate to lactate lead to during anaerobic
glycolysis?
Drop in muscle pH
Reduce enzyme activity for glycolysis
Skeletal muscle fatigue
Lactate enters Cori Cycle
What type of system is aerobic metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation)?
Energy efficient system
What type of exercise is aerobic metabolism used in?
Endurance exercise
What does the oxidation of glucose during aerobic metabolism result in?
Acetyl CoA (in the presence of oxygen)
During aerobic metabolism, ______________ condenses with
____________________ and enters the Krebs cycle.
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
What does the Krebs cycle produce? What's the next step? What happens from
there?
Hydrogen molecules which get transported to the ETC to generate ATP
What is a single nerve and the muscle fiber group that innervates it?
Motor unit
What is the thin filament in the myofibril?
Actin
What is the thick filament in the myofibril?
Myosin
When does contraction of the muscle occur? What is this called?
When the motor unit and activated and the filaments (actin & myosin) move back and
forth over one another - Sliding Filament Theory
What is the sarcomere? What are they responsible for?
The functional unit of the myofibrils
Responsible for contraction
What is the type I muscle fiber?
"Slow twitch"
Used during aerobic endurance
Use carbohydrate and fat through aerobic energy during low intensity activity
What is the type II muscle fiber?
"Fast twitch"
Used during high-intensity exercise
Anaerobic work with poor capacity for aerobic endurance
Subtypes: IIA, IIX, IIC
What are normal HR, tachycardia, and bradycardia values?
Normal: 60-100 bpm
Tachycardia: > 100 bpm
Bradycardia: < 60 bpm
UPDATE .Buy Quality Materials!
What is ATP made up of?
Nitrogenous purine base
Pentose sugar
Three phosphates
How does the power to perform "work" occur?
ATP is released --> activates muscle contraction by transferring energy from ATP to
actin and myosin
How does resynthesis of ATP occur? Specifically what systems are involved?
From creatine phosphate (CP/PCr/phosphocreatine) through the phosphates system,
anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism
Every muscle contraction requires _________________.
ATP
What does the contribution of each metabolic system depend on?
Demand
Oxygen availability
What are the 4 factors that determine fuel source?
Intensity
Duration
Level of training
Diet
What are the 4 major fuel sources?
Glycogen
Glucose
Intramuscular triglycerides
Plasma free fatty acids
Can amino acids from protein breakdown be used for fuel?
Yes, but are conserved at all costs.
Where is PC stored?
In skeletal muscle
The ATP-phosphocreatine system is part of what system?
Anaerobic system
When is the ATP-phosphocreatine system needed?
During high intensity and explosive movements
What does the ATP-phosphocreatine system provide?
Rapid source of ATP lasting only a few seconds at a time
What is the equation for the ATP-phosphocreatine system?
PC --(creatine kinase) -> Cr + Pi + Energy
What is the only anaerobic fuel source? Where does it come from?
Glucose - dietary intake, stored glucose
What type of exercise is glucose for during anaerobic glycolysis?
Continuous, intense activity for the first few minutes
What is the equation for anaerobic glycolysis?
, 1 6C glucose --> 2 3C pyruvates
Pyruvate converts to lactate
What does the conversion of pyruvate to lactate lead to during anaerobic
glycolysis?
Drop in muscle pH
Reduce enzyme activity for glycolysis
Skeletal muscle fatigue
Lactate enters Cori Cycle
What type of system is aerobic metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation)?
Energy efficient system
What type of exercise is aerobic metabolism used in?
Endurance exercise
What does the oxidation of glucose during aerobic metabolism result in?
Acetyl CoA (in the presence of oxygen)
During aerobic metabolism, ______________ condenses with
____________________ and enters the Krebs cycle.
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
What does the Krebs cycle produce? What's the next step? What happens from
there?
Hydrogen molecules which get transported to the ETC to generate ATP
What is a single nerve and the muscle fiber group that innervates it?
Motor unit
What is the thin filament in the myofibril?
Actin
What is the thick filament in the myofibril?
Myosin
When does contraction of the muscle occur? What is this called?
When the motor unit and activated and the filaments (actin & myosin) move back and
forth over one another - Sliding Filament Theory
What is the sarcomere? What are they responsible for?
The functional unit of the myofibrils
Responsible for contraction
What is the type I muscle fiber?
"Slow twitch"
Used during aerobic endurance
Use carbohydrate and fat through aerobic energy during low intensity activity
What is the type II muscle fiber?
"Fast twitch"
Used during high-intensity exercise
Anaerobic work with poor capacity for aerobic endurance
Subtypes: IIA, IIX, IIC
What are normal HR, tachycardia, and bradycardia values?
Normal: 60-100 bpm
Tachycardia: > 100 bpm
Bradycardia: < 60 bpm
