NBME CBSE
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8dlr9r
1. Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2. endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV
and semilunar valves
neural crest
3. left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4. posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5. Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6. Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
7. Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse
after birth
8. Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure
of neural crest cells to migrate
9. ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing
the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10. phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
11. S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12. S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right before S1
best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Always abnormal
13. atria contract: a wave of JVP
14. c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
15. x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tri-
cuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
, NBME CBSE
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8dlr9r
16. V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against
closed tricuspid valve
17. y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18. plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19. PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20. QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21. Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22. Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause
torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23. Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
25. Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most
common in Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3
(anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar pre-exci-
tation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle
bypasses the rate-slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with
shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy.
27. First degree AV block: - PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec)
- Fixed but prolonged PRI
(consistent but long)
- normally get bradycardia here
28. second degree AV block mobitz type 2: -PR interval is constant
-atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without increasing PR
interval length
-disease below AV node in His bundle
, NBME CBSE
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8dlr9r
may progress to 3rd degree/complete AV block
29. Second Degree AV Block Mobitz Type 1 (wenckebach): Progressive length-
ening of pr interval leading to dropped QRS
30. third degree AV block: The atria and Ventricles are totally dissociated.
-So, the QRSs and the P waves have no relation to each other.
31. PCWP: 4-12 mmHg
est of LA pressure
32. Williams Syndrome: a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in
most regards but surprisingly good use of language relative to their other abilities,
elfin facies
Chromosome 7
assoc with supravalvular aortic stenosis
33. DiGeorge Syndrome: Maldevelopment of 3 and 4 pharyngeal pouches, fascial
dysmorphia, cardiac shunt (trunks arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot), lack of T-cells,
undeveloped paracortex
34. Corneal arcus: Lipid deposits in the cornea. Common in the elderly, but appears
earlier in life with hypercholesterolemia
35. Stanford A aortic dissection: Dissection of the ascending aorta
Tx with surgery
36. Stanford B aortic dissection: Dissection of the descending aorta below the
level o the left subclavian artery
Tx: Beta Blockers then vasodilators
37. Left bundle branch block: QRS> 120 msec
Deep, broad S waves in V1 and V2
Broad R waves in in V5 and V6
38. hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: common AD inherited heart de-
fect of a thick septal wall
mutations in sarcomeric proteins (myosin binding protein C; Beta myosin heavy
chain)
sudden death in young athletes
39. Loffler endocarditis: assoc w hypereosinophilic syndrome; histology shows
eosinophilic infiltrates in myocardium
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8dlr9r
1. Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2. endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV
and semilunar valves
neural crest
3. left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4. posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5. Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6. Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
7. Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse
after birth
8. Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure
of neural crest cells to migrate
9. ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing
the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10. phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
11. S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12. S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right before S1
best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Always abnormal
13. atria contract: a wave of JVP
14. c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
15. x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tri-
cuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
, NBME CBSE
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8dlr9r
16. V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against
closed tricuspid valve
17. y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18. plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19. PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20. QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21. Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22. Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause
torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23. Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
25. Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most
common in Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3
(anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar pre-exci-
tation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle
bypasses the rate-slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with
shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy.
27. First degree AV block: - PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec)
- Fixed but prolonged PRI
(consistent but long)
- normally get bradycardia here
28. second degree AV block mobitz type 2: -PR interval is constant
-atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without increasing PR
interval length
-disease below AV node in His bundle
, NBME CBSE
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8dlr9r
may progress to 3rd degree/complete AV block
29. Second Degree AV Block Mobitz Type 1 (wenckebach): Progressive length-
ening of pr interval leading to dropped QRS
30. third degree AV block: The atria and Ventricles are totally dissociated.
-So, the QRSs and the P waves have no relation to each other.
31. PCWP: 4-12 mmHg
est of LA pressure
32. Williams Syndrome: a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in
most regards but surprisingly good use of language relative to their other abilities,
elfin facies
Chromosome 7
assoc with supravalvular aortic stenosis
33. DiGeorge Syndrome: Maldevelopment of 3 and 4 pharyngeal pouches, fascial
dysmorphia, cardiac shunt (trunks arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot), lack of T-cells,
undeveloped paracortex
34. Corneal arcus: Lipid deposits in the cornea. Common in the elderly, but appears
earlier in life with hypercholesterolemia
35. Stanford A aortic dissection: Dissection of the ascending aorta
Tx with surgery
36. Stanford B aortic dissection: Dissection of the descending aorta below the
level o the left subclavian artery
Tx: Beta Blockers then vasodilators
37. Left bundle branch block: QRS> 120 msec
Deep, broad S waves in V1 and V2
Broad R waves in in V5 and V6
38. hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: common AD inherited heart de-
fect of a thick septal wall
mutations in sarcomeric proteins (myosin binding protein C; Beta myosin heavy
chain)
sudden death in young athletes
39. Loffler endocarditis: assoc w hypereosinophilic syndrome; histology shows
eosinophilic infiltrates in myocardium
