Microbiology and Parasitology
When was the term microbiology first used - answers1860s
What four areas of study are encompassed by clinical microbiology - answersViruses,
fungi, bacteria, and parasites
What is the difference between a pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen -
answersPathogen: a bacteria capable of causing a disease
Opportunistic pathogen: microorganisms that invade the body and cause illness only
when the body's immune defense are impaired or absent
How do bacterial pathogens cause host damage - answersThe damage is caused by
bacterial growth in tissues or y the toxins bacteria produce
What are the morphological types of bacteria - answersCoccus, bacillus, and spirochete
What are the morphological forms of fungi - answersMolds and yeast
What is a gram stain? - answersA test that uses a series of stains to differentiate the
composition of their cell walls
Gram positive- violet (retain the crystal violet stain)
Gram negative- pink (lose the crystal violet and retain the safranin)
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria - answersAerobic
bacteria grow in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic bacteria grow in the absence or decreased levels of oxygen
How are viruses different from microorganisms? Name 3 viral diseases -
answersViruses are not living cells, and can only replicate by invading a cell, viruses
can only contain either a DNA or RNA not both
Epstein-Barr virus (mono), rubella, rhinoviruses
What type of specimen is used to detect malaria and giardia - answersMalaria requires
blood specimen
Giardia requires fecal specimen
Five methods used to help identify bacteria - answersmicroscopic morphology- coccus,
bacillus, spirochete
colony morphology- how the colony grows on the plate
reactions with Gram stain and other stains,
biochemical reactions,
, gene probes
antibody reactions- antibiotic susceptibility testing
antibiotic susceptibility testing - answerscan be routine like strep
only works for bacteria
finding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to inhibit the bacterial growth
fastidious bacteria - answersbacteria that require special nutritional factors to survive
immunoassay - answersa diagnostic method using antigen-antibody reactions
Diagnostic Testing - answersThe standard method for isolating and identifying viruses
have been cell culture. As well as serum testing for anti-viral antibodies using enzyme
immunoassays.
What can cause contamination of a throat swab during collection? - answersTouching
the tongue and inside of the mouth will contaminate the swab with normal flora
What mistakes can occur in the collection of urine for culture? - answersThe patient can
insufficiently cleanse the area around the urethral opening and contaminate the urine
with skin microorganisms, epithelial cells and mucus
Why stool specimens in an infants disposable diaper may not grow microorganisms -
answersbecause diapers often contain bacteriostatic chemicals inhibiting
microorganisms from growing
Why should the patient rinse their mouth with water before collecting sputum sample? -
answersto reduce the number of oral bacteria present that can contaminate the sputum
sample
why is an aspirate of a wound preferred over a swab? - answersthe swab is more prone
to drying and in addition may not pick up sufficient bacteria for culture
why are both alcohol and iodine used in preparation for a blood culutre - answersif
cleansing is not thorough, skin bacteria or fungi can contaminate the culture and
produce false-positive results
3 important properties of transport systems for bacteriology specimens - answersA
container capable of providing the correct environment until the bacteria can be
inoculated, the test requisition form and specimen label
What type of culture performed to determine MRSA - answersnasal swab specimen
carrier - answersan individual who harbors an organism and is capable of spreading the
organism to others, but has no symptoms or signs of disease
When was the term microbiology first used - answers1860s
What four areas of study are encompassed by clinical microbiology - answersViruses,
fungi, bacteria, and parasites
What is the difference between a pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen -
answersPathogen: a bacteria capable of causing a disease
Opportunistic pathogen: microorganisms that invade the body and cause illness only
when the body's immune defense are impaired or absent
How do bacterial pathogens cause host damage - answersThe damage is caused by
bacterial growth in tissues or y the toxins bacteria produce
What are the morphological types of bacteria - answersCoccus, bacillus, and spirochete
What are the morphological forms of fungi - answersMolds and yeast
What is a gram stain? - answersA test that uses a series of stains to differentiate the
composition of their cell walls
Gram positive- violet (retain the crystal violet stain)
Gram negative- pink (lose the crystal violet and retain the safranin)
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria - answersAerobic
bacteria grow in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic bacteria grow in the absence or decreased levels of oxygen
How are viruses different from microorganisms? Name 3 viral diseases -
answersViruses are not living cells, and can only replicate by invading a cell, viruses
can only contain either a DNA or RNA not both
Epstein-Barr virus (mono), rubella, rhinoviruses
What type of specimen is used to detect malaria and giardia - answersMalaria requires
blood specimen
Giardia requires fecal specimen
Five methods used to help identify bacteria - answersmicroscopic morphology- coccus,
bacillus, spirochete
colony morphology- how the colony grows on the plate
reactions with Gram stain and other stains,
biochemical reactions,
, gene probes
antibody reactions- antibiotic susceptibility testing
antibiotic susceptibility testing - answerscan be routine like strep
only works for bacteria
finding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to inhibit the bacterial growth
fastidious bacteria - answersbacteria that require special nutritional factors to survive
immunoassay - answersa diagnostic method using antigen-antibody reactions
Diagnostic Testing - answersThe standard method for isolating and identifying viruses
have been cell culture. As well as serum testing for anti-viral antibodies using enzyme
immunoassays.
What can cause contamination of a throat swab during collection? - answersTouching
the tongue and inside of the mouth will contaminate the swab with normal flora
What mistakes can occur in the collection of urine for culture? - answersThe patient can
insufficiently cleanse the area around the urethral opening and contaminate the urine
with skin microorganisms, epithelial cells and mucus
Why stool specimens in an infants disposable diaper may not grow microorganisms -
answersbecause diapers often contain bacteriostatic chemicals inhibiting
microorganisms from growing
Why should the patient rinse their mouth with water before collecting sputum sample? -
answersto reduce the number of oral bacteria present that can contaminate the sputum
sample
why is an aspirate of a wound preferred over a swab? - answersthe swab is more prone
to drying and in addition may not pick up sufficient bacteria for culture
why are both alcohol and iodine used in preparation for a blood culutre - answersif
cleansing is not thorough, skin bacteria or fungi can contaminate the culture and
produce false-positive results
3 important properties of transport systems for bacteriology specimens - answersA
container capable of providing the correct environment until the bacteria can be
inoculated, the test requisition form and specimen label
What type of culture performed to determine MRSA - answersnasal swab specimen
carrier - answersan individual who harbors an organism and is capable of spreading the
organism to others, but has no symptoms or signs of disease
