Anatomy Guide : Neuroanatomy I
Central Nervous System
· The Central nerous system is divided into two main parts : brain and Spiral cord
· Both the brin and the spiral column are protected by a
group of structures , from the outside to
The inside there is the skin and
periosteum, the bone (skull/veretbrae) and a group of 3 meninges (3 layers
of though connective tissue) these layers are called durt matter , Arachnoid matter and pic matter .
1 Dura Maher : Strong thick membrane that closely lines the Skull (periosteal/meningtal)
2 Arachnoid Maher : is a thin web membrane that covers the brain , made of Elastic
Tissue , between the Arachnoid and pia matters there is a
space called subarachnoid
SPACE WHERE THE CSF IS
3 DIA Maher lines the surface of the brin its folds and grooves
:
folowing ,
having
Various vessels that reach deep into the brtin
>
-
Cerebrospiral Fluid
·
Cerebrospiral
The Fluid (CSF)
like the name says is located
Around the Brain (Cerebrol
And the
Spiral cord spinal) .
the struc
· Its main functions is
protecting and
cushioning
tures , preventing trama . The CSF also alows the brain
Some bouncity ,
so it doesn't
weight too much in the head .
· The CSF is also important guaranting that the blood
Vessels of the brain aren't squeazed (preventing AVCs) .
When the size of the vessels increases , the amount of CSF
will decrease to keep balance
.
· To
manage this CSF /production ,
removal , transport ...
there is a ventricular system in the brain that will
be talked about later) .
· In our bodies there are 150 me of Fluid and they are
At 60-150 mm of water (pressure is constant)
.
↳ and
Meninges Spaces
· In between the
menings there are 3 important spaces : Epidural , Subdural and subarachnoid (from Suprefi-
Cial to deepl . The Epide is in between the bone of the skull and the dunt matter , the subdural is in betwe
En the duat water parts , periosteal and meningeal this is where the venous blood drains to as well as the CSF for-
, ,
ming the dural verous sinuses . The CSF enters the sinuses through the anacen-
void granulations (some verous sinuses and the: superior sagital sinus
,
Cavernous sinus , transverse sinus sigmoid sinces ... ) the herous blood drains
,
into the jugular hein
.
· Subarachnoid Space is in
The between the anachnoid and pin matters it has
Arachnoid trabeculat in between the two layers and arachnoid granulations that
form granular favedae, this layer is where the CSF blood vessels and cranial
,
NOTE : THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES HERLES ARE PLACED
In the catrial and spiral menings :
In the cranial ones the Epidural space -
Intracranial pressure regulation
is spiral is and
imaginary land in the ones the increase of intracranial pressure a life threathing condition
it isn't and the venous sinuses It can happen due to the increase of volume of the CSF brain issue
,
don't exist in the spinal meninges . On blood in the bein or meningest, it can be caused due to cert-
bret Edema ,
tumors , disruptions Isf
is Circulation Etc
...
, · The regulation Intracranial
of pressure (ICP) happens when there a balance between the bein issue, CSF and blood,
so when one increases ,
the others needs to decrease their volumes (monno-Kelle Hypothesis). Normally the
betin tissue
stays the same , so the CSF production or reabsorption can be
changed as well as the vasoconstric
tio on the verous drainage of the blood vessels
.
· However thes mechanisms can be overwellmeed and read to disease and in more severe cases , death .
BRAIN
· The batin is continuous with the Spiral cord through the foramen magnum .
The brain is cortex) and an
·
mainly made of an outer layer of gay mater
(this
Inner
layer of white matter
is
going is
going to be developed later)
In between of the white matter there are also mater important
·
gaty
Structures like the cerebellar nuclei , thalamic , caudate and
eentfor nucleus .
· The butin can be divided into 3 main parts :
>
- hidbrain bummeddula Oblongata + pons (
>
-
midbrain
>
-
forebrain Colecephalon Cerebellum
· Hindbrain
>
- Medulla
Oblongata : Connects the pons (above) to the Spiral cord (bellow) and
serves as a conduit for Ascending and
descending fibers
>
- Dons : is located anteriorly to the cerebellum and in between the midbrain
superiorly) and the medulla oblongata (inferiorly) , has numerous fibers connecting reft and
the
right
he misferts (peus ascending and
descending herve fibers /
>
-
Cerebellum : Coordinates movement , precision and balance receiving sensory input about the body position (spinal
Cordl and motor input
, (brain), joining these two infos together providing muscet
memory
· Midbrain
>
-
connects the forebatin to the hindbatin and also as nuclei of descending
And
ascending nerve fibers
BRAINSTEM = MIDBRAIN + Medula Oblongata
Don
· Forbrain
>
-
Dieseptalon Halamus dorsal) + Hypothalamus central)
-
Hemispheres separated by connected
Cerebrum : it has two Cerebral a
big fissure that are
by the Corpus callosum (white matter) ,
the Cortex is made of gray water as well as the basal ganglia
The right hemisfert sends efferent fibers body and the left he misfert to side
to the
left side of the the night
↳ Basal Ganglia : it is composed by the pallidum and Stratum (coate nucleus +
Putamen + globos palides + substantia nigra + subthalamic nuceus) . This structure is
Responsible by the inibition of unvoluntary and undisired movements , inhibiting them
E
Cells of the CNS
· The nevous
system is made up of
2
major types of cells : neurons and glial cells
.
· The Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system : these cells *
valy in stape between each other , but each posecess a cell
body with
dendrites that connect with Each other
during synapses (guay water) .
· They al l also have an axon that is from where the information
transported speed up the transmition of the the axons are
is . To
signal
revested by a lipid-rich myein sheat (white matter) .
>
-
Types of neurons rexcitable cells)
The neurons can be classified in their
way of branching their dendrites , and in Size :
, >
- Number of branching neurites
unipolar : have one single neure (short distance)
↑ that has the
bipolar: have
functions of a
enlongated cell body
axon with denotes
with
↓
an a
neurite from Each end
~ multipolar : have various neurites Emerging
from the cell body with one
bigger ,
the Axon
and the others are dendrites
↓ S ↓
bipolar multipolar unipolar
Size of the neuron
>
-
Goegi type I : these neurons have one
long
↑ Axon
Example the
that can
pyramidal
stretch to
cells ,
1
the
rum
punking
long ,
cells
for
Or the motor cells
- golgi type I : has a star
stape with one short
Axon and other denokites that branch
As it seen above
only have one nucleus and two and the dendrites
· is
, neurons
types of processes ; the axon .
In the cell body of the neurons we have , besides the hucleus there are also other specialized structures like
the gorg aparatus , the mithocondrias ...
GlialCells
D
>
-
(non-excitable cells)
· Besides the neurons there are also supporting cells in the nerve tissue called glial cells .
They have the function of myelin sheat provide
D
separating neurons , produce the
,
Active plagocitosis to remove cellular de debris and contribute to the blood -
-
brain baner in the CNS
The glial cells in the CNS are called neurogial cells and in the PNS are Cal-
led schwann and Satellite cells .
D
T
Types
>
-
of Neuroglia cells
>
-
Astrocytes : have small cell bodies with branches
In different directions called foot process .
They are
The most abundant cell and surround the blood brain b.
>
-
Oligodendrocytes : have small condesed rucey
And process that wrap around axons (melin shees)
>
-
Microglia : Can travel within the brain , find and
remove damaged issues and function in CNS imune
Central Nervous System
· The Central nerous system is divided into two main parts : brain and Spiral cord
· Both the brin and the spiral column are protected by a
group of structures , from the outside to
The inside there is the skin and
periosteum, the bone (skull/veretbrae) and a group of 3 meninges (3 layers
of though connective tissue) these layers are called durt matter , Arachnoid matter and pic matter .
1 Dura Maher : Strong thick membrane that closely lines the Skull (periosteal/meningtal)
2 Arachnoid Maher : is a thin web membrane that covers the brain , made of Elastic
Tissue , between the Arachnoid and pia matters there is a
space called subarachnoid
SPACE WHERE THE CSF IS
3 DIA Maher lines the surface of the brin its folds and grooves
:
folowing ,
having
Various vessels that reach deep into the brtin
>
-
Cerebrospiral Fluid
·
Cerebrospiral
The Fluid (CSF)
like the name says is located
Around the Brain (Cerebrol
And the
Spiral cord spinal) .
the struc
· Its main functions is
protecting and
cushioning
tures , preventing trama . The CSF also alows the brain
Some bouncity ,
so it doesn't
weight too much in the head .
· The CSF is also important guaranting that the blood
Vessels of the brain aren't squeazed (preventing AVCs) .
When the size of the vessels increases , the amount of CSF
will decrease to keep balance
.
· To
manage this CSF /production ,
removal , transport ...
there is a ventricular system in the brain that will
be talked about later) .
· In our bodies there are 150 me of Fluid and they are
At 60-150 mm of water (pressure is constant)
.
↳ and
Meninges Spaces
· In between the
menings there are 3 important spaces : Epidural , Subdural and subarachnoid (from Suprefi-
Cial to deepl . The Epide is in between the bone of the skull and the dunt matter , the subdural is in betwe
En the duat water parts , periosteal and meningeal this is where the venous blood drains to as well as the CSF for-
, ,
ming the dural verous sinuses . The CSF enters the sinuses through the anacen-
void granulations (some verous sinuses and the: superior sagital sinus
,
Cavernous sinus , transverse sinus sigmoid sinces ... ) the herous blood drains
,
into the jugular hein
.
· Subarachnoid Space is in
The between the anachnoid and pin matters it has
Arachnoid trabeculat in between the two layers and arachnoid granulations that
form granular favedae, this layer is where the CSF blood vessels and cranial
,
NOTE : THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES HERLES ARE PLACED
In the catrial and spiral menings :
In the cranial ones the Epidural space -
Intracranial pressure regulation
is spiral is and
imaginary land in the ones the increase of intracranial pressure a life threathing condition
it isn't and the venous sinuses It can happen due to the increase of volume of the CSF brain issue
,
don't exist in the spinal meninges . On blood in the bein or meningest, it can be caused due to cert-
bret Edema ,
tumors , disruptions Isf
is Circulation Etc
...
, · The regulation Intracranial
of pressure (ICP) happens when there a balance between the bein issue, CSF and blood,
so when one increases ,
the others needs to decrease their volumes (monno-Kelle Hypothesis). Normally the
betin tissue
stays the same , so the CSF production or reabsorption can be
changed as well as the vasoconstric
tio on the verous drainage of the blood vessels
.
· However thes mechanisms can be overwellmeed and read to disease and in more severe cases , death .
BRAIN
· The batin is continuous with the Spiral cord through the foramen magnum .
The brain is cortex) and an
·
mainly made of an outer layer of gay mater
(this
Inner
layer of white matter
is
going is
going to be developed later)
In between of the white matter there are also mater important
·
gaty
Structures like the cerebellar nuclei , thalamic , caudate and
eentfor nucleus .
· The butin can be divided into 3 main parts :
>
- hidbrain bummeddula Oblongata + pons (
>
-
midbrain
>
-
forebrain Colecephalon Cerebellum
· Hindbrain
>
- Medulla
Oblongata : Connects the pons (above) to the Spiral cord (bellow) and
serves as a conduit for Ascending and
descending fibers
>
- Dons : is located anteriorly to the cerebellum and in between the midbrain
superiorly) and the medulla oblongata (inferiorly) , has numerous fibers connecting reft and
the
right
he misferts (peus ascending and
descending herve fibers /
>
-
Cerebellum : Coordinates movement , precision and balance receiving sensory input about the body position (spinal
Cordl and motor input
, (brain), joining these two infos together providing muscet
memory
· Midbrain
>
-
connects the forebatin to the hindbatin and also as nuclei of descending
And
ascending nerve fibers
BRAINSTEM = MIDBRAIN + Medula Oblongata
Don
· Forbrain
>
-
Dieseptalon Halamus dorsal) + Hypothalamus central)
-
Hemispheres separated by connected
Cerebrum : it has two Cerebral a
big fissure that are
by the Corpus callosum (white matter) ,
the Cortex is made of gray water as well as the basal ganglia
The right hemisfert sends efferent fibers body and the left he misfert to side
to the
left side of the the night
↳ Basal Ganglia : it is composed by the pallidum and Stratum (coate nucleus +
Putamen + globos palides + substantia nigra + subthalamic nuceus) . This structure is
Responsible by the inibition of unvoluntary and undisired movements , inhibiting them
E
Cells of the CNS
· The nevous
system is made up of
2
major types of cells : neurons and glial cells
.
· The Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system : these cells *
valy in stape between each other , but each posecess a cell
body with
dendrites that connect with Each other
during synapses (guay water) .
· They al l also have an axon that is from where the information
transported speed up the transmition of the the axons are
is . To
signal
revested by a lipid-rich myein sheat (white matter) .
>
-
Types of neurons rexcitable cells)
The neurons can be classified in their
way of branching their dendrites , and in Size :
, >
- Number of branching neurites
unipolar : have one single neure (short distance)
↑ that has the
bipolar: have
functions of a
enlongated cell body
axon with denotes
with
↓
an a
neurite from Each end
~ multipolar : have various neurites Emerging
from the cell body with one
bigger ,
the Axon
and the others are dendrites
↓ S ↓
bipolar multipolar unipolar
Size of the neuron
>
-
Goegi type I : these neurons have one
long
↑ Axon
Example the
that can
pyramidal
stretch to
cells ,
1
the
rum
punking
long ,
cells
for
Or the motor cells
- golgi type I : has a star
stape with one short
Axon and other denokites that branch
As it seen above
only have one nucleus and two and the dendrites
· is
, neurons
types of processes ; the axon .
In the cell body of the neurons we have , besides the hucleus there are also other specialized structures like
the gorg aparatus , the mithocondrias ...
GlialCells
D
>
-
(non-excitable cells)
· Besides the neurons there are also supporting cells in the nerve tissue called glial cells .
They have the function of myelin sheat provide
D
separating neurons , produce the
,
Active plagocitosis to remove cellular de debris and contribute to the blood -
-
brain baner in the CNS
The glial cells in the CNS are called neurogial cells and in the PNS are Cal-
led schwann and Satellite cells .
D
T
Types
>
-
of Neuroglia cells
>
-
Astrocytes : have small cell bodies with branches
In different directions called foot process .
They are
The most abundant cell and surround the blood brain b.
>
-
Oligodendrocytes : have small condesed rucey
And process that wrap around axons (melin shees)
>
-
Microglia : Can travel within the brain , find and
remove damaged issues and function in CNS imune
