lOMoARcPSD|52156080
TEST BANK FOR VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY
9TH EDITION TIZARD
Innate Immunity - (ANSWER)Evolutionarily older, simple, fast-acting, non-specific
Where does innate immunity take place? - (ANSWER)At mucosal and cutaneous sites most
likely to encounter pathogens
Inflammation - (ANSWER)Initial response to tissue damage or infection
Five cardinal signs of acute inflammation - (ANSWER)Pain, swelling, redness, heat, and loss of
function of affected tissue
Related to vasodilation which leads to increased local blood flow and reduced velocity of this
flow
Chronic inflammation - (ANSWER)Occurs 24-48 hours after insult
Recruitment of monocytes into the tissue that differentiate into macrophages to provide a second
line of immune defense
Neutrophils - (ANSWER)Phagocytic cell, short life span, cannot undergo repeated phagocytosis,
cannot destroy targets
Macrophages - (ANSWER)Phagocytic cell, less rapidly recruited, more potent, long-lived,
capable of multiple phagocytic events, can destroy target cells
Pro-inflammatory cytokines - (ANSWER)Chronic inflammation; interact with CNS to bind with
receptor molecules that mediate pyrexia, lethargy, and anorexia
Downloaded by Frank Waweru ()
, lOMoARcPSD|52156080
Acute phase proteins - (ANSWER)Synthesized by the liver, detected in the blood and are useful
indicators of the presence of inflammation
Tissue Repair - (ANSWER)Sequela to inflammation
Granulomas - (ANSWER)Formed by persistent inflammatory initiators
Inflammatory loci that become 'walled off' from normal tissue, surrounded by macrophages
Dendritic cell - (ANSWER)Antigen presenting cell; link between the innate and adaptive
immunity
Sample foreign antigens and transport them to the closest area of organized lymph tissue
Adaptive immune response - (ANSWER)Slower, more potent and specific, made in the
organized lymphoid tissue
What directs and regulates the adaptive immune response? - (ANSWER)T lymphocytes,
cytokines, and chemokine messenger proteins
Explain the adaptive immune response - (ANSWER)Antigen is transported from site of infection
by dendritic cell to regional lymph tissue. Dendritic cell activates antigen-specific T
lymphocytes, these activate antigen-specific B lymphocytes. These activated lymphocytes are
sent from lymphoid tissue to site of infection and mount a full-scale effector response
Regulatory response - (ANSWER)Switches off the immune response when it is no longer
required
Memory (secondary) immune response - (ANSWER)adaptive immunity retains memory of
previous antigen exposure, more potent than initial (primary) response
Downloaded by Frank Waweru ()
, lOMoARcPSD|52156080
Immunological 'big bang" - (ANSWER)Occurred in the ancestor of the jawed fish, led to
evolution of adaptive immune response through ability to develop diversity in receptor
molecules, gene duplication
Antigen - (ANSWER)Substance that binds to a lymphocyte receptor and initiates the immune
response
Defined by its ability to bind to a specific antibody
Heteroantigen - (ANSWER)Antigen that is foreign to the body (infectious agents, environmental
substances, and chemicals)
Epitopes - (ANSWER)Region on an antigen that is bound by a specific antibody or cellular
receptor molecule; some antigens contain multiple epitopes
Immunodominant - (ANSWER)An epitope that is more effective at inducing an immune
response
Adjuvants - (ANSWER)A substance, that when combined with an antigen, non-specifically
enhances the immune response
Antibody composition - (ANSWER)Y-shaped unit, contains two identical heavy chains and two
identical light chains, held together by interchain disulphide bonds
Antibody chains - (ANSWER)Globular domain structure created by the interchain disulphide
bonds, distinct function ascribed to each domain (variable and constant regions of both the heavy
and light chains; hinge region)
Variable regions of immunoglobulin - (ANSWER)Bind to antigenic epitopes (antigen-binding
site)
Downloaded by Frank Waweru ()
TEST BANK FOR VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY
9TH EDITION TIZARD
Innate Immunity - (ANSWER)Evolutionarily older, simple, fast-acting, non-specific
Where does innate immunity take place? - (ANSWER)At mucosal and cutaneous sites most
likely to encounter pathogens
Inflammation - (ANSWER)Initial response to tissue damage or infection
Five cardinal signs of acute inflammation - (ANSWER)Pain, swelling, redness, heat, and loss of
function of affected tissue
Related to vasodilation which leads to increased local blood flow and reduced velocity of this
flow
Chronic inflammation - (ANSWER)Occurs 24-48 hours after insult
Recruitment of monocytes into the tissue that differentiate into macrophages to provide a second
line of immune defense
Neutrophils - (ANSWER)Phagocytic cell, short life span, cannot undergo repeated phagocytosis,
cannot destroy targets
Macrophages - (ANSWER)Phagocytic cell, less rapidly recruited, more potent, long-lived,
capable of multiple phagocytic events, can destroy target cells
Pro-inflammatory cytokines - (ANSWER)Chronic inflammation; interact with CNS to bind with
receptor molecules that mediate pyrexia, lethargy, and anorexia
Downloaded by Frank Waweru ()
, lOMoARcPSD|52156080
Acute phase proteins - (ANSWER)Synthesized by the liver, detected in the blood and are useful
indicators of the presence of inflammation
Tissue Repair - (ANSWER)Sequela to inflammation
Granulomas - (ANSWER)Formed by persistent inflammatory initiators
Inflammatory loci that become 'walled off' from normal tissue, surrounded by macrophages
Dendritic cell - (ANSWER)Antigen presenting cell; link between the innate and adaptive
immunity
Sample foreign antigens and transport them to the closest area of organized lymph tissue
Adaptive immune response - (ANSWER)Slower, more potent and specific, made in the
organized lymphoid tissue
What directs and regulates the adaptive immune response? - (ANSWER)T lymphocytes,
cytokines, and chemokine messenger proteins
Explain the adaptive immune response - (ANSWER)Antigen is transported from site of infection
by dendritic cell to regional lymph tissue. Dendritic cell activates antigen-specific T
lymphocytes, these activate antigen-specific B lymphocytes. These activated lymphocytes are
sent from lymphoid tissue to site of infection and mount a full-scale effector response
Regulatory response - (ANSWER)Switches off the immune response when it is no longer
required
Memory (secondary) immune response - (ANSWER)adaptive immunity retains memory of
previous antigen exposure, more potent than initial (primary) response
Downloaded by Frank Waweru ()
, lOMoARcPSD|52156080
Immunological 'big bang" - (ANSWER)Occurred in the ancestor of the jawed fish, led to
evolution of adaptive immune response through ability to develop diversity in receptor
molecules, gene duplication
Antigen - (ANSWER)Substance that binds to a lymphocyte receptor and initiates the immune
response
Defined by its ability to bind to a specific antibody
Heteroantigen - (ANSWER)Antigen that is foreign to the body (infectious agents, environmental
substances, and chemicals)
Epitopes - (ANSWER)Region on an antigen that is bound by a specific antibody or cellular
receptor molecule; some antigens contain multiple epitopes
Immunodominant - (ANSWER)An epitope that is more effective at inducing an immune
response
Adjuvants - (ANSWER)A substance, that when combined with an antigen, non-specifically
enhances the immune response
Antibody composition - (ANSWER)Y-shaped unit, contains two identical heavy chains and two
identical light chains, held together by interchain disulphide bonds
Antibody chains - (ANSWER)Globular domain structure created by the interchain disulphide
bonds, distinct function ascribed to each domain (variable and constant regions of both the heavy
and light chains; hinge region)
Variable regions of immunoglobulin - (ANSWER)Bind to antigenic epitopes (antigen-binding
site)
Downloaded by Frank Waweru ()
