EOSC 118 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Chain of Custody Principle - Answers- - Each component and step leading to a finished
piece of jewellery is tracked and documentation.
- This principle ensures assessment and accountability of the practices engaged in. The
concept of tracking is sometimes referred to as Mine to Market. (ex: Wal-Mart tracking)
- Kimberly Process only applies to gemstones, not entire pieces of jewellery.
The Responsible Jewellery Council (RJC): - Answers- - Organization who's members
"are independently audited against the
o The Code of Practices addresses human rights, labour rights, environmental impact,
mining practices, product disclosure and many more important topics in the jewellery
supply chain. RJC Members are grouped into 7 Forums representing different parts of
the diamond, gold and platinum group metals jewellery supply chain.
o "Conflict Free" into 5 portions of conformance:
1. Conflict Assessment
a. Whether there is conflict near the producing mine
2. Company Assessment
a. Whether the company operates in a broader conflict region
3. Commodity Assessment
a. Whether the company can move its commodity safely, such as across a conflict
region
4. Externally Sourced Gold Assessment
a. Whether the company acquires gold from outside the mine site, to ensure it is conflict
free
5. Management Statement of Conformance
a. Whether the company formally states conformance to the above variables
Artisanal mining - Answers- - Uses manual labour, simple tools, and basic recovery and
processing techniques
Small-scale mining - Answers- - Labour-intensive but employs a higher level of
mechanisation and more sophisticated processes.
- Small-scale mining involving the extraction of minerals with the simplest of tools, on a
subsistence level"
- Has 2 categories:
1.The mining and quarrying of industrial minerals and construction materials on a small
scale
2.The mining of relatively high-value minerals, notably gold and precious stones.
•using: Alluvial diamond mining
Artisanal mining & Small-scale mining - Answers- - Mostly in Africa
o Fraught with dangerous practices and little regard for health and safety, and are also
characterised by illegal practices such as the use of child labour.
, o Driven by poverty due to low income, only income opportunity and lack of investment
opportunities
o Have considerable negative impact on the environment.
-The International Labour Organization (ILO)
Diamond Development Initiative (DDI) - Answers- - Address problems with unregulated
small-scale mining and the African artisanal diamond diggers and their families that live
and work in absolute poverty.
- Bringing NGOs, governments and the private sector together in a common effort that
aims to convert diamonds from a fuel for war into an engine for development.
- Complements the Kimberley Process and focuses not on the regulation of diamond
trade, but rather the development of the communities involved in small-scale diamond
mining.
Communities and Small Scale Mining (CASM) - Answers- - Global networking and
coordination facility with a stated mission to: "Reduce poverty by improving the
environmental, social, and economic performance of artisanal and small-scale mining in
developing countries."
types of Mines - Answers- 1. Open pit:
o Large hole is mined and the material extracted.
o Used when the mineral deposit is close to the surface and extensive in size.
o Easy to remove large amounts of overburden and waste rock to allow relatively easy
access to the ore rock.
o More cost effective than underground mining, much lower grades of ore can be
economically extracted.
2. Underground:
o For ore deposits that are not close to surface, have complex geological geometries,
and typically of higher grade.
o More cost effective to remove less waste rock by creating a network of underground
ramps and tunnels.
o Similar to open pit methods, once the ore is mined underground, it is transported to
the concentrating mill on the surface. Often however, preliminary crushing is done
underground.
o Depths of underground mines are normally up to 2 kilometers. The deepest
underground mine, almost 4 km from the surface! Its network of tunnels stretch more
than 800 km!
3. Placer mining:
o Formed from a commodity that was eroded from a primary source and concentrated
in a secondary location above bedrock
o Ex: Gold
o Use of sluice box:
- It has one or more metal troughs, or runs, with cross bars on the bottom, called riffles.
- As the water passes over these riffles, little whirlpools and created behind each riffle,
and the denser gold particles fall to the bottom
,➢ Tonnage & Grade - Answers- ➢Tonnage: volume of the ore body is reported as
tonnage
➢Grade: described as the richness of the ore - reported as a weight
➢Tonnage and grade values allow different deposits to be compared against each other
and help determine whether an ore deposit will be economic
6 phases of mineral resource development - Answers- 1. Geoscience: surveys provide
critical info to encourage exploration investments
2. Exploration: carried out by prospectors and companies leads to discoveries of
valuable deposits
3. Discovery: depends on field work, investment and quality geoscience to bring
exploration to the development stage
4. Development: includes feasibility, geoscience and engineering studies, raising capital
and construction
Degrees of Development and Economic Viability:
• Mineral occurrence or mineral showing is a concentration of a mineral (such as gold,
silver, or diamond) that is considered valuable or that is of scientific or technical interest.
• Mineral deposit is a mineral occurrence or showing of sufficient size and grade
(concentration) that is worthy of further exploration in order to define its true extent.
• Ore deposit is a mineral deposit that has been tested and is known to be of sufficient
size, grade, and accessibility to be mined at a profit. Testing commonly consists of
surface mapping and sampling, as well as drilling through the deposit.
5. Production: extraction, milling and processing to produce coal, metals, industrial
minerals and aggregate
6. Reclamation: reclamation of sites begins during operations and continues after
closure until the land is once again productive
Scientific method. - Answers- 1.Compile observations: i.e. recording results in a
laboratory or describing the geology and mineralogy of a diamond-bearing rock.
2.Form a Hypothesis: theory to explain the observations made. I.e. a rock that contains
the diamonds is what geologists call kimberlite.
3.Test the Hypothesis: For our diamond example, a way of testing if the rock is truly
kimberlite is through the other minerals that exist in the rock.
4.Repeated testing turns hypothesis to Theory. Not a 'guess' but something that has
been tested in many different ways and found to be true after each testing.
5.If a Theory or group of theories are always observed to happen it could be raised to
the level of a Law. An example is the "Second Law of Thermodynamics", which states
that heat flows from a warm body to a cooler body.
6.Continual re-examination
2 core techniques in jewellery making - Answers- 1.Hand making
2.Investment or lost wax casting requires many steps to arrive at the finished product.
a. Model is created from a material that is hard enough to hold a good shape but soft
enough to be carved.
, b. The material must be combustible
- bee's wax works well.
c. The wax would be covered in multiple layers of a refractory material, normally clay
d. Then heated to harden the mold. This would also burn the wax away and leave a
cavity into which molten metal could be poured.
e. Once the metal cooled and hardened, the clay shell would then be broken leaving
only the metal form.
f. The new metal form is then ready to have gemstones set within it
and to be polished to a high lustre.
Modern Techniques in Jewelry making (4) - Answers- -Hollowware and stamped jewelry
are attractive alternatives to handmade or cast jewelry for two main reasons:
o Reduced volume of gold required
o Fast rate at which hollowware and stamped "findings" can be produced.
o Reduces the overall cost of making jewellery.
-Stamping:
o Thin sheets of gold or other precious metals are placed between steel dies of
opposing shapes.
o The "punch" sits above the sheet, while the punch's opposite sits underneath.
o A large hydraulic press with the desired shapes is lowered under pressure onto and
through the sheet, cutting an exact replica.
o This new replica is called a blank.
-Hollowware:
oCreated through a combination of stamping and "pressing".
oDuring pressing, a sheet, strip, or wire of gold is formed into tubes by drawing it
through a series of hardened steel dies.
oThe basic shape is a hollow tube, and it can then be modified through welding,
pinching, wrapping, twisting, etc.
-Electroplating: thought of as being applied to larger flat objects
•High fineness gold (i.e., 24 Karat) is often used as an electroplate medium to enhance
the rich gold colour of a piece while preserving the strength of a lower Karat alloy. This
also reduces the overall cost of the jewellery.
-Electroforming: is applied to more intricate 3D surfaces.
•Hollow pieces are easier to fabricate and jewelry with delicate forms can have a strong
metal alloy base that is then visually enhanced with the colors of precious metals
oApplying a thin layer of gold onto a preformed object.
oThe object to be plated can be anything, from sculpted metal intended for jewellery to
natural seashells.
oObject is placed in an acid solution with the plating metals dissolved.
oAn electrical current is passed through the piece, allowing the plating to occur on the
surface of the object.
oThe longer the piece sits i
Chain of Custody Principle - Answers- - Each component and step leading to a finished
piece of jewellery is tracked and documentation.
- This principle ensures assessment and accountability of the practices engaged in. The
concept of tracking is sometimes referred to as Mine to Market. (ex: Wal-Mart tracking)
- Kimberly Process only applies to gemstones, not entire pieces of jewellery.
The Responsible Jewellery Council (RJC): - Answers- - Organization who's members
"are independently audited against the
o The Code of Practices addresses human rights, labour rights, environmental impact,
mining practices, product disclosure and many more important topics in the jewellery
supply chain. RJC Members are grouped into 7 Forums representing different parts of
the diamond, gold and platinum group metals jewellery supply chain.
o "Conflict Free" into 5 portions of conformance:
1. Conflict Assessment
a. Whether there is conflict near the producing mine
2. Company Assessment
a. Whether the company operates in a broader conflict region
3. Commodity Assessment
a. Whether the company can move its commodity safely, such as across a conflict
region
4. Externally Sourced Gold Assessment
a. Whether the company acquires gold from outside the mine site, to ensure it is conflict
free
5. Management Statement of Conformance
a. Whether the company formally states conformance to the above variables
Artisanal mining - Answers- - Uses manual labour, simple tools, and basic recovery and
processing techniques
Small-scale mining - Answers- - Labour-intensive but employs a higher level of
mechanisation and more sophisticated processes.
- Small-scale mining involving the extraction of minerals with the simplest of tools, on a
subsistence level"
- Has 2 categories:
1.The mining and quarrying of industrial minerals and construction materials on a small
scale
2.The mining of relatively high-value minerals, notably gold and precious stones.
•using: Alluvial diamond mining
Artisanal mining & Small-scale mining - Answers- - Mostly in Africa
o Fraught with dangerous practices and little regard for health and safety, and are also
characterised by illegal practices such as the use of child labour.
, o Driven by poverty due to low income, only income opportunity and lack of investment
opportunities
o Have considerable negative impact on the environment.
-The International Labour Organization (ILO)
Diamond Development Initiative (DDI) - Answers- - Address problems with unregulated
small-scale mining and the African artisanal diamond diggers and their families that live
and work in absolute poverty.
- Bringing NGOs, governments and the private sector together in a common effort that
aims to convert diamonds from a fuel for war into an engine for development.
- Complements the Kimberley Process and focuses not on the regulation of diamond
trade, but rather the development of the communities involved in small-scale diamond
mining.
Communities and Small Scale Mining (CASM) - Answers- - Global networking and
coordination facility with a stated mission to: "Reduce poverty by improving the
environmental, social, and economic performance of artisanal and small-scale mining in
developing countries."
types of Mines - Answers- 1. Open pit:
o Large hole is mined and the material extracted.
o Used when the mineral deposit is close to the surface and extensive in size.
o Easy to remove large amounts of overburden and waste rock to allow relatively easy
access to the ore rock.
o More cost effective than underground mining, much lower grades of ore can be
economically extracted.
2. Underground:
o For ore deposits that are not close to surface, have complex geological geometries,
and typically of higher grade.
o More cost effective to remove less waste rock by creating a network of underground
ramps and tunnels.
o Similar to open pit methods, once the ore is mined underground, it is transported to
the concentrating mill on the surface. Often however, preliminary crushing is done
underground.
o Depths of underground mines are normally up to 2 kilometers. The deepest
underground mine, almost 4 km from the surface! Its network of tunnels stretch more
than 800 km!
3. Placer mining:
o Formed from a commodity that was eroded from a primary source and concentrated
in a secondary location above bedrock
o Ex: Gold
o Use of sluice box:
- It has one or more metal troughs, or runs, with cross bars on the bottom, called riffles.
- As the water passes over these riffles, little whirlpools and created behind each riffle,
and the denser gold particles fall to the bottom
,➢ Tonnage & Grade - Answers- ➢Tonnage: volume of the ore body is reported as
tonnage
➢Grade: described as the richness of the ore - reported as a weight
➢Tonnage and grade values allow different deposits to be compared against each other
and help determine whether an ore deposit will be economic
6 phases of mineral resource development - Answers- 1. Geoscience: surveys provide
critical info to encourage exploration investments
2. Exploration: carried out by prospectors and companies leads to discoveries of
valuable deposits
3. Discovery: depends on field work, investment and quality geoscience to bring
exploration to the development stage
4. Development: includes feasibility, geoscience and engineering studies, raising capital
and construction
Degrees of Development and Economic Viability:
• Mineral occurrence or mineral showing is a concentration of a mineral (such as gold,
silver, or diamond) that is considered valuable or that is of scientific or technical interest.
• Mineral deposit is a mineral occurrence or showing of sufficient size and grade
(concentration) that is worthy of further exploration in order to define its true extent.
• Ore deposit is a mineral deposit that has been tested and is known to be of sufficient
size, grade, and accessibility to be mined at a profit. Testing commonly consists of
surface mapping and sampling, as well as drilling through the deposit.
5. Production: extraction, milling and processing to produce coal, metals, industrial
minerals and aggregate
6. Reclamation: reclamation of sites begins during operations and continues after
closure until the land is once again productive
Scientific method. - Answers- 1.Compile observations: i.e. recording results in a
laboratory or describing the geology and mineralogy of a diamond-bearing rock.
2.Form a Hypothesis: theory to explain the observations made. I.e. a rock that contains
the diamonds is what geologists call kimberlite.
3.Test the Hypothesis: For our diamond example, a way of testing if the rock is truly
kimberlite is through the other minerals that exist in the rock.
4.Repeated testing turns hypothesis to Theory. Not a 'guess' but something that has
been tested in many different ways and found to be true after each testing.
5.If a Theory or group of theories are always observed to happen it could be raised to
the level of a Law. An example is the "Second Law of Thermodynamics", which states
that heat flows from a warm body to a cooler body.
6.Continual re-examination
2 core techniques in jewellery making - Answers- 1.Hand making
2.Investment or lost wax casting requires many steps to arrive at the finished product.
a. Model is created from a material that is hard enough to hold a good shape but soft
enough to be carved.
, b. The material must be combustible
- bee's wax works well.
c. The wax would be covered in multiple layers of a refractory material, normally clay
d. Then heated to harden the mold. This would also burn the wax away and leave a
cavity into which molten metal could be poured.
e. Once the metal cooled and hardened, the clay shell would then be broken leaving
only the metal form.
f. The new metal form is then ready to have gemstones set within it
and to be polished to a high lustre.
Modern Techniques in Jewelry making (4) - Answers- -Hollowware and stamped jewelry
are attractive alternatives to handmade or cast jewelry for two main reasons:
o Reduced volume of gold required
o Fast rate at which hollowware and stamped "findings" can be produced.
o Reduces the overall cost of making jewellery.
-Stamping:
o Thin sheets of gold or other precious metals are placed between steel dies of
opposing shapes.
o The "punch" sits above the sheet, while the punch's opposite sits underneath.
o A large hydraulic press with the desired shapes is lowered under pressure onto and
through the sheet, cutting an exact replica.
o This new replica is called a blank.
-Hollowware:
oCreated through a combination of stamping and "pressing".
oDuring pressing, a sheet, strip, or wire of gold is formed into tubes by drawing it
through a series of hardened steel dies.
oThe basic shape is a hollow tube, and it can then be modified through welding,
pinching, wrapping, twisting, etc.
-Electroplating: thought of as being applied to larger flat objects
•High fineness gold (i.e., 24 Karat) is often used as an electroplate medium to enhance
the rich gold colour of a piece while preserving the strength of a lower Karat alloy. This
also reduces the overall cost of the jewellery.
-Electroforming: is applied to more intricate 3D surfaces.
•Hollow pieces are easier to fabricate and jewelry with delicate forms can have a strong
metal alloy base that is then visually enhanced with the colors of precious metals
oApplying a thin layer of gold onto a preformed object.
oThe object to be plated can be anything, from sculpted metal intended for jewellery to
natural seashells.
oObject is placed in an acid solution with the plating metals dissolved.
oAn electrical current is passed through the piece, allowing the plating to occur on the
surface of the object.
oThe longer the piece sits i
