Class notes on waves

Waves on a String: Waves on a string are mechanical disturbances that propagate through a stretched string. These can be transverse waves where the displacement is perpendicular to the wave direction. Vibration of a Stretched String: A stretched string vibrates when disturbed, generating waves. The frequency depends on tension, length, and mass per unit length. Stationary (Standing) Waves: Formed by the interference of two waves traveling in opposite directions, creating fixed nodes (no displacement) and antinodes (maximum displacement). Energy is not transferred, only oscillation occurs at specific points. Travelling (Progressive) Waves: These waves transfer energy through the medium. The wave moves forward, maintaining its amplitude and frequency. Energy is carried without the medium itself moving. Energy Transfer in Waves: Kinetic Energy: Related to the motion of the particles of the string. Potential Energy: Related to the displacement of the particles from their equilibrium position. Energy oscillates between kinetic and potential as the wave propagates.