WGU Anatomy and D D D
Physiology 1 D
3 accessory organs of the digestive system -
D D D D D D D
the liver, gallbladder, andpancreas
D D D D D
3 types of neurons - sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
D D D D D D D D D D
Abdominal - Between the chest and the pelvis
D D D D D D D
Abdominal cavity - Contains most of the digestive organs -
D D D D D D D D D
Dstomach, liver,pancreas, intestines - and some of the urinary structures -
D D D D D D D D D D D
Dthe kidney and the ureters. The upper boundary is the diaphragm and the
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
lower boundaryis the brim of the pelvis (landmark of the pelvis bones)
D D D D D D D D D D D D
Abdominopelvic cavity - D D
DSince there is no anatomical division between the2 cavities they are occa
D D D D D D D D D D D D
sionally referred to as 1 region
D D D D D
Abducens nerve - motor, eye movements
D D D D D
Accessory nerve - motor, swallowing, and head, neck, shoulder movement
D D D D D D D D D
,action potential - a short- D D D D
lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rise
D D D D D D D D D D D D
s and falls, following a consistent trajectory. Action potentials occur in sever
D D D D D D D D D D D
al types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscl
D D D D D D D D D D D
e cells, and endocrine cells. Action potentials are generated by special type
D D D D D D D D D D D
s of voltage-
D D
gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane.[b] These chan
D D D D D D D D D D
nels are shut when the membrane potential is near the resting potential of t
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
he cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases t
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
o a precisely defined threshold value. When the channels open (in respons
D D D D D D D D D D D
e to depolarization in transmembrane voltage[b]), they allow an inward flow
D D D D D D D D D D D
of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn p
D D D D D D D D D D D
roduces a further rise in the membrane potential. This then causes more ch
D D D D D D D D D D D D
annels to open, producing a greater electric current across the cell membra
D D D D D D D D D D D
ne, and so on. The process proceeds explosively until all of the available io
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
n channels are open, resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential
D D D D D D D D D D D D
. The rapid influx of sodium ions causes the polarity of the plasma membran
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
e to reverse, and the ion channels then rapidly inactivate. As the sodium ch
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
annels close, sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron, and then they ar
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
e actively transported back out of the plasma membrane. Potassium chann
D D D D D D D D D D
els are then activated, and there is an outward current of potassium ions, re
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
turning the electrochemical gradient tothe resting state.
D D D D D D D
Adrenal Gland Cortex - D D D
Produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) affectskidneys and promotes wat
D D D D D D D D
er balance. Also produces Glucocorticoids (cortisol) affects Liver and promot
D D D D D D D D D
es Immune function. Also produces Macromolecule promotes metabolism.
D D D D D D D
Adrenal Gland Medulla - D D D
Produces Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) affects v
D D D D D D D
arious tissues and stimulates the fight-or-flightresponse.
D D D D D D
,Adrenal glands - D D
DProduce steroid hormones that regulate metabolic functions during stres
D D D D D D D D
s, kidney function and sexual function, also secreteepinephrine or adren
D D D D D D D D D D
aline when stimulated
D D
Alimentary canal, also called the gastrointestinal GI tract or gut -
D D D D D D D D D D
acontinuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
D D D D D D D D D D D D
Alveoli - D
Tiny terminal air sac that consist of a single cell wall that allows passage of
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
oxygen to blood and diffuses carbon dioxide into the lungs to beexhaled
D D D D D D D D D D D D
Amino Acid - D D
any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino grou
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
p, -NH 2, and one carboxyl group, -COOH: the alpha-
D D D D D D D D D
aminoacids, RCH(NH 2)COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins
D D D D D D D D D D D
are constructed.
D
Amylase - enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of carbohydrates
D D D D D D D D
Anaxonic neurons - small, stellate star-D D D D D
shaped cells with processes that alllook alike with no apparent axon, can b
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
e found in the central nervous system, the retina, and in the adrenal medull
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
a. Their functions are not wellunderstood.
D D D D D D
Anterior horn - D D
contains the somatic motor neurons, and it sends efferentsignals from th
D D D D D D D D D D D D
e spinal cord to the muscle cells it controls.
D D D D D D D D
Anterior or ventral - Toward the front or toward the belly
D D D D D D D D D D
Anterior Pituitary - Growth Hormone-
D D D D
affects all Tissues and promotes growth. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACT
D D D D D D D D D
, H) affects the Adrenal Cortex
D D D D
Physiology 1 D
3 accessory organs of the digestive system -
D D D D D D D
the liver, gallbladder, andpancreas
D D D D D
3 types of neurons - sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
D D D D D D D D D D
Abdominal - Between the chest and the pelvis
D D D D D D D
Abdominal cavity - Contains most of the digestive organs -
D D D D D D D D D
Dstomach, liver,pancreas, intestines - and some of the urinary structures -
D D D D D D D D D D D
Dthe kidney and the ureters. The upper boundary is the diaphragm and the
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
lower boundaryis the brim of the pelvis (landmark of the pelvis bones)
D D D D D D D D D D D D
Abdominopelvic cavity - D D
DSince there is no anatomical division between the2 cavities they are occa
D D D D D D D D D D D D
sionally referred to as 1 region
D D D D D
Abducens nerve - motor, eye movements
D D D D D
Accessory nerve - motor, swallowing, and head, neck, shoulder movement
D D D D D D D D D
,action potential - a short- D D D D
lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rise
D D D D D D D D D D D D
s and falls, following a consistent trajectory. Action potentials occur in sever
D D D D D D D D D D D
al types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscl
D D D D D D D D D D D
e cells, and endocrine cells. Action potentials are generated by special type
D D D D D D D D D D D
s of voltage-
D D
gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane.[b] These chan
D D D D D D D D D D
nels are shut when the membrane potential is near the resting potential of t
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
he cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases t
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
o a precisely defined threshold value. When the channels open (in respons
D D D D D D D D D D D
e to depolarization in transmembrane voltage[b]), they allow an inward flow
D D D D D D D D D D D
of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn p
D D D D D D D D D D D
roduces a further rise in the membrane potential. This then causes more ch
D D D D D D D D D D D D
annels to open, producing a greater electric current across the cell membra
D D D D D D D D D D D
ne, and so on. The process proceeds explosively until all of the available io
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
n channels are open, resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential
D D D D D D D D D D D D
. The rapid influx of sodium ions causes the polarity of the plasma membran
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
e to reverse, and the ion channels then rapidly inactivate. As the sodium ch
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
annels close, sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron, and then they ar
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
e actively transported back out of the plasma membrane. Potassium chann
D D D D D D D D D D
els are then activated, and there is an outward current of potassium ions, re
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
turning the electrochemical gradient tothe resting state.
D D D D D D D
Adrenal Gland Cortex - D D D
Produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) affectskidneys and promotes wat
D D D D D D D D
er balance. Also produces Glucocorticoids (cortisol) affects Liver and promot
D D D D D D D D D
es Immune function. Also produces Macromolecule promotes metabolism.
D D D D D D D
Adrenal Gland Medulla - D D D
Produces Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) affects v
D D D D D D D
arious tissues and stimulates the fight-or-flightresponse.
D D D D D D
,Adrenal glands - D D
DProduce steroid hormones that regulate metabolic functions during stres
D D D D D D D D
s, kidney function and sexual function, also secreteepinephrine or adren
D D D D D D D D D D
aline when stimulated
D D
Alimentary canal, also called the gastrointestinal GI tract or gut -
D D D D D D D D D D
acontinuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
D D D D D D D D D D D D
Alveoli - D
Tiny terminal air sac that consist of a single cell wall that allows passage of
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
oxygen to blood and diffuses carbon dioxide into the lungs to beexhaled
D D D D D D D D D D D D
Amino Acid - D D
any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino grou
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
p, -NH 2, and one carboxyl group, -COOH: the alpha-
D D D D D D D D D
aminoacids, RCH(NH 2)COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins
D D D D D D D D D D D
are constructed.
D
Amylase - enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of carbohydrates
D D D D D D D D
Anaxonic neurons - small, stellate star-D D D D D
shaped cells with processes that alllook alike with no apparent axon, can b
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
e found in the central nervous system, the retina, and in the adrenal medull
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
a. Their functions are not wellunderstood.
D D D D D D
Anterior horn - D D
contains the somatic motor neurons, and it sends efferentsignals from th
D D D D D D D D D D D D
e spinal cord to the muscle cells it controls.
D D D D D D D D
Anterior or ventral - Toward the front or toward the belly
D D D D D D D D D D
Anterior Pituitary - Growth Hormone-
D D D D
affects all Tissues and promotes growth. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACT
D D D D D D D D D
, H) affects the Adrenal Cortex
D D D D
