exam 4 personality psychology questions and
answers
What is the Social Cognitive Theory? - Answers-This theory states that when people
observe a model performing a behavior and the consequences of that behavior, they
remember the sequence of events and use this information as a guide for their own
behaviors. This is the most contemporary and widespread concept in many areas of
research. It explains the thinking process in relation to the social environment. Within
social learning we contemplate the present, past, and hypothetical future, as well as
reflect on their own thinking and self.
.Who was Albert Bandura? - Answers-A psychologist who expanded on this idea of
social learning, after beginning his career observing social modeling in human
motivation, thought, and action.
.What was the Social Learning & Personality Study, in 1959? - Answers-Bandura, and
his colleague, Walters, conducted a study to observe Adolescent Aggression, and
understand the relationship of child-training practices and family interrelationships.
.What is the Social Foundations of Thought and Action, in 1986? - Answers-A book,
written by Bandura, that had a monumental contribution to psychology and the
understanding of social learning. The theory explains human motivation and action from
a social cognitive perspective, analyzing the role of cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory,
and self-reflective processes in psychosocial functioning. Also in this book, he
emphasizes the presence of Reciprocal Determinism.
.What is Reciprocal Determinism? - Answers-It is the theory set forth by Albert Bandura
which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal
factors and the social environment. Behavior may be conditioned by consequences,
environments we chose to reflect our personality. A relationship between person,
behavior, and environment.
.Who was Walter Mischel? - Answers-A well known psychologist specializing in
personality theory and social psychology.
.What was the study Personality and Assessment, in 1968? - Answers-An influential
study, written by Walter Mischel, that highlighted a major issue within the way
personality pbsyhoclogy has been studied thus far. He realized that the situation
occurring when these behaviors were made was not accounted for, and actually held a
major influence on the behavior. He noted that people behave much differently due to
the situation they are subjected to, and that behavior is highly dependent on social
cues. Mischel coined the term personality signatures, where a "individual does A when
X, but does B when Y". Parts that work together.
, .What structures our personality? - Answers-Competencies and skills, Beliefs and
expectations, goals, and evaluative standards.
.Structure of Personality: What are Competencies and Skills? - Answers-Related to the
way an individual will deal with challenges and adapts their thinking to that change. It is
the interaction of how an individual will think about problem and then use behavioral
skills to solve them. Based on declarative knowledge, which is conscious knowledge
that can be verbalized (Paris is the capital of France), and procedural knowledge, which
is how to physically do it (How to ride a bike). It is also based on context specificity, the
understanding of what skills will work best in that particular situation, and psychological
change, which is the influence of social situations on behavior.
Different personalities also acquire different sets of skills, not just different emotions.
.Structure of Personality: What are Beliefs and Expectancies? - Answers-This is the
future conception within the structure of personality. These are the beliefs individuals
have about what the world is actually like. It also includes the expectations the individual
holds for the future, their future aspirations and goals. Perceived situations create
certain expectations about future circumstances which can be engaged in different
ways, thus developing particular patterns. These reactions to expectations have
evaluative standards, based on the worth of things. Unique to the person.
.What are perceived self-efficacy beliefs? - Answers-How we perceive our capabilities in
future situations. This is the foundation for the situational motivation and and behavior
that influences selection (goal selection: high self-efficacy, more difficult the task that is
chosen to achieve), effort (persistence/performance: high self-efficacy, high levels of
effort are used), emotion (high self-efficacy, better moods, little depression/anxiety), and
coping (more self-efficacy, enhanced coping mechanisms).
.What is the contrast between Outcome Expectations and Self-Efficacy Expectations? -
Answers-Outcome Expectations, are the beliefs and mindset that focuses on the
rewards and punishments. While Self-Efficacy Expectations focus on the capability to
perform a behavior, rather than predicting it.
.What is the relationship between Self-Efficacy and anxiety? - Answers-Perceptions of
low self-efficacy, being ill capable of something, is related to a high anxiety arousal
within an individual. Perceived inefficacy in coping with a traumatic event is part of the
core for anxiety, perception that they can't deal with it.
.What is the relationship between Self-Efficacy and depression? - Answers-(Inefficacy)
Those prone to depression impose excessively high goals and standards for
themselves, and then blame themselves for not reaching them. They see themselves as
incapable to complete these very "reasonable" goals. Psychopathology arises from
distorted ways viewing things/self.
answers
What is the Social Cognitive Theory? - Answers-This theory states that when people
observe a model performing a behavior and the consequences of that behavior, they
remember the sequence of events and use this information as a guide for their own
behaviors. This is the most contemporary and widespread concept in many areas of
research. It explains the thinking process in relation to the social environment. Within
social learning we contemplate the present, past, and hypothetical future, as well as
reflect on their own thinking and self.
.Who was Albert Bandura? - Answers-A psychologist who expanded on this idea of
social learning, after beginning his career observing social modeling in human
motivation, thought, and action.
.What was the Social Learning & Personality Study, in 1959? - Answers-Bandura, and
his colleague, Walters, conducted a study to observe Adolescent Aggression, and
understand the relationship of child-training practices and family interrelationships.
.What is the Social Foundations of Thought and Action, in 1986? - Answers-A book,
written by Bandura, that had a monumental contribution to psychology and the
understanding of social learning. The theory explains human motivation and action from
a social cognitive perspective, analyzing the role of cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory,
and self-reflective processes in psychosocial functioning. Also in this book, he
emphasizes the presence of Reciprocal Determinism.
.What is Reciprocal Determinism? - Answers-It is the theory set forth by Albert Bandura
which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal
factors and the social environment. Behavior may be conditioned by consequences,
environments we chose to reflect our personality. A relationship between person,
behavior, and environment.
.Who was Walter Mischel? - Answers-A well known psychologist specializing in
personality theory and social psychology.
.What was the study Personality and Assessment, in 1968? - Answers-An influential
study, written by Walter Mischel, that highlighted a major issue within the way
personality pbsyhoclogy has been studied thus far. He realized that the situation
occurring when these behaviors were made was not accounted for, and actually held a
major influence on the behavior. He noted that people behave much differently due to
the situation they are subjected to, and that behavior is highly dependent on social
cues. Mischel coined the term personality signatures, where a "individual does A when
X, but does B when Y". Parts that work together.
, .What structures our personality? - Answers-Competencies and skills, Beliefs and
expectations, goals, and evaluative standards.
.Structure of Personality: What are Competencies and Skills? - Answers-Related to the
way an individual will deal with challenges and adapts their thinking to that change. It is
the interaction of how an individual will think about problem and then use behavioral
skills to solve them. Based on declarative knowledge, which is conscious knowledge
that can be verbalized (Paris is the capital of France), and procedural knowledge, which
is how to physically do it (How to ride a bike). It is also based on context specificity, the
understanding of what skills will work best in that particular situation, and psychological
change, which is the influence of social situations on behavior.
Different personalities also acquire different sets of skills, not just different emotions.
.Structure of Personality: What are Beliefs and Expectancies? - Answers-This is the
future conception within the structure of personality. These are the beliefs individuals
have about what the world is actually like. It also includes the expectations the individual
holds for the future, their future aspirations and goals. Perceived situations create
certain expectations about future circumstances which can be engaged in different
ways, thus developing particular patterns. These reactions to expectations have
evaluative standards, based on the worth of things. Unique to the person.
.What are perceived self-efficacy beliefs? - Answers-How we perceive our capabilities in
future situations. This is the foundation for the situational motivation and and behavior
that influences selection (goal selection: high self-efficacy, more difficult the task that is
chosen to achieve), effort (persistence/performance: high self-efficacy, high levels of
effort are used), emotion (high self-efficacy, better moods, little depression/anxiety), and
coping (more self-efficacy, enhanced coping mechanisms).
.What is the contrast between Outcome Expectations and Self-Efficacy Expectations? -
Answers-Outcome Expectations, are the beliefs and mindset that focuses on the
rewards and punishments. While Self-Efficacy Expectations focus on the capability to
perform a behavior, rather than predicting it.
.What is the relationship between Self-Efficacy and anxiety? - Answers-Perceptions of
low self-efficacy, being ill capable of something, is related to a high anxiety arousal
within an individual. Perceived inefficacy in coping with a traumatic event is part of the
core for anxiety, perception that they can't deal with it.
.What is the relationship between Self-Efficacy and depression? - Answers-(Inefficacy)
Those prone to depression impose excessively high goals and standards for
themselves, and then blame themselves for not reaching them. They see themselves as
incapable to complete these very "reasonable" goals. Psychopathology arises from
distorted ways viewing things/self.
